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As with the Zeppelin, balloons were often used for scouting and surveillance during WWI. Here, a German soldier jumps from an observation balloon after it was destroyed by enemy action in Note the primitive parachute.

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Flamethrowers were first used during WWI to take out nearby enemies during trench warfare. These early models could shoot blasts of black smoke and fire tens of yards. The flamethrower pictured here was photographed in WWI was the first war to see extensive use of aircraft for fighting, bombing, and surveillance.

Though long-range torpedoes had been invented by WWI, soldiers didn't have an efficient way to launch them from ships. This image shows an American Martin bomber flying only a few feet above the surface of the water and dropping a torpedo as a way to launch it. WWI is often described as the war where old met new -- where tech innovation was used in conjunction with old-fashioned means of fighting. This photo from captures this juxtaposition, as a German cavalryman wearing a gas mask carries a long spearlike pole.

This photo from shows a German invention that generated power with a converted tandem bicycle to fill a barrage balloon, or blimp. WWI marked the first time aircraft were widely used for aerial combat. Tanks made their debut during WWI and were said to have shocked soldiers when they first saw the massive armored machines. In this photo, Germans test out captured British tanks that have been redecorated in German colors. Like the rudimentary gas masks, all sorts of primitive body armor was created during WWI.

During WWI, airplanes went from being thought of as observation machines to actual weapons of war. In this photo, British pilots from what would in become the Royal Air Force are ready to drop bombs by hand over Germany. Don't show this again. Prev Next Prev Next. The L2, a German naval Zeppelin This year marks the year anniversary of the beginning of World War I and even though thousands of books have been written about the Great War, readily accessible images have been scant.


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Vickers machine gun on a tripod During WWI, 16 million people died. German army cycle corps Along with photos of high-tech innovations, the Hulton Archive also has images of the rudimentary side of WWI warfare. German soldier wearing a gas mask WWI was the first time that gas was used as a weapon of war.


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German soldiers run through phosgene gas Several types of chemical weapons and gas were used in WWI. German submarines, the U35 and U42 While submarines had been invented before WWI, they became widely used during the war for attacking enemy ships. In this photo, two German submarines, the U35 and U42, surface off the Mediterranean coast.

Inventions of the Great War : A Russell (Alexander Russell) 18 Bond :

German soldier jumps from balloon As with the Zeppelin, balloons were often used for scouting and surveillance during WWI. A flamethrower Flamethrowers were first used during WWI to take out nearby enemies during trench warfare. American Martin bomber releases Navy torpedo WWI was the first war to see extensive use of aircraft for fighting, bombing, and surveillance. German cavalryman wearing a gas mask and carrying a spear WWI is often described as the war where old met new -- where tech innovation was used in conjunction with old-fashioned means of fighting.

While the First World War began the full military integration of real-time communications, the telegraph had been used in a number of wars since the s. Wireless telegraphy and the radio antedated the war by more than a decade, but during the war years the necessary technology was made more portable and thus suitable for use in the field and at sea.

The war also led to the first rudimentary advances in radio communication between airplanes and the ground, field telephone systems allowing communications with the front lines, and in some small ways hinted at the possible use of radio for broadcasting. Also new with the First World War was the use of personal cameras on the front lines in the hands of individual soldiers and civilians, allowing for a higher volume of candid photographs than had been possible in earlier wars and making war photography a new feature of newspapers and propaganda.

Hall was himself shot down and captured a month later. Rickenbacker was the most successful American ace of the war. National Archives Airplanes also typify this burgeoning industrial-military model. The aircraft was famously invented more than a decade before the First World War by two civilians, the Wright brothers. Interestingly, a pilotless drone took flight and landed successfully for the first time on March 6, , a U.

Navy project to be abandoned a few years later, awaiting the emergence of the necessary associated technologies. T hroughout the nineteenth century, American businesses had ably harnessed the power of the technologies of the Industrial Revolution, pioneering and mastering the art of mass production. By the time war broke out in Europe, Taylorism had been boosting factory efficiency across the country and Henry Ford had already sold hundreds of thousands of his mass-produced Model Ts. Against the backdrop of such industrial success, it must have sounded strange when, in , Arthur D.

Little argued for the necessity of a new industrial model.

Tech Developments of World War I - History

Modern progress can no longer depend upon accidental discoveries. Each advance in industrial science must be studied, organized and fought like a military campaign. What Little rightly perceived was that the Western world was becoming engulfed by a new wave of industrialization — one less dependent on the mechanical arts of old than on the new sciences of chemistry and electricity. Chemistry, for example, had begun to play a crucial role in the large-scale production of disinfectants, dyes, fertilizers, plastics, and photography, while electricity was indispensable for telephony, illumination, and the radio.

Arthur Dehon Little Williams Haynes Portrait Collection, Chemical Heritage Foundation Little argued that, because the emerging industries and products were the fruits of new science, rather than disparate mechanical inventions, it was necessary for American industries to adopt a new model based on a dedicated internal scientific research department. Today it is hard to imagine any large business enterprise — whether McDonalds, Wal-Mart, General Motors, or Google — lacking corporate research and development, so integral is it to our conception of technological advancement and competitive advantage.

Imperial War Museum unearths the wackiest inventions from WWI

Indeed, with few exceptions, scientists in late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century America were to be found in academia, not in industry and rarely in the employ of the military. Few people were better positioned to see the need for this new model than the Bostonian Little — In the s, after studying chemistry at M. There he learned to apply his scientific knowledge in an industrial setting. He then founded one of the first independent commercial research laboratories and became a pioneer in the new field of chemical engineering. An eponymous company that he started, dedicated to performing analytical studies for other businesses, still survives today as a management consulting firm.

Little himself had even been commissioned to create a research department for General Motors. Nevertheless, such companies remained exceptions in the early part of the century; the domains of academic science and industrial science had yet to be fully integrated, with scientists and engineers rarely working hand-in-hand. As historian Paul A. Before entering the war, the United States supplied the Allies with food, materiel, and equipment, and then, after , overwhelmed the Central Powers with the sheer quantity of machinery it put in play.

Such quantity of force left Germany at a severe disadvantage in the later stages of the war and was a significant factor in its demoralization and subsequent surrender in August Industrial means of production thus became means of warfare; moreover, thanks to the emergence of the commercial laboratory, industrial research became the means of innovation, directing businesses to respond to the new technological needs of the military.

However, while in the years leading up to the war, industry had begun to harness scientific research for commerce and warfare, the potential usefulness of science for the public good was still widely underappreciated. This, too, was about to change. Within three months, Edison had assembled the Naval Consulting Board, a panel of distinguished inventors, engineers, and scientists. In fact, the prestige scientists now enjoy in the United States — survey data show that Americans have more confidence in scientists than in judges, teachers, religious leaders, bankers, media personalities, business leaders, or politicians — derives in large part from the sense that they are preeminent problem-solvers.

The use of scientific research by every department of the federal government has become a commonplace, if not always uncontroversial, feature of modern political life. But in , it was still rare for the government to request outside technical expertise in this way.

In general, to be a professional scientist in the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was not to be a public expert in our modern sense — someone called upon for political or legal testimony, for technical advice or services. Rather, most scientists remained within the walls of the academy. Some even expressed their reluctance in seeking after profits and advising politicians if it meant abandoning their noble vocation of searching after truth and teaching students.

Born into a wealthy Chicago family, Hale, while not ostentatious, was atypical among American scientists for his capacity to move comfortably from scholarly to patrician and industrial circles. Hale was also an inventor: he was elected to the Royal Astronomical Society at the age of twenty-two for creating a photographic device useful in astronomical observations. In , when he was in his mid-thirties, Hale was elected to the National Academy.

As the historian of science Daniel J.