The American Revolution (1912) Volume: 4

The American Revolution (4-Volume set) [George Otto Trevelyan] on Amazon. com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A complete reprint edition of this.
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To learn more about Amazon Sponsored Products, click here. Despite the subtitle, this nonacademic treatment of the revolution is straightforward, if not traditional, and the conclusions are familiar. Axelrod argues that the revolution was not a class struggle and left the American people unambiguously better off. He points out that the colonists weren't actually terribly oppressed, and that Gen. George Washington's triumph was in outlasting the British. The key players are portrayed rather conventionally, from the cautious British commander, Gen.

William Howe, to the stoic Washington. The sprightly narrative is lavishly illustrated, and intriguing sidebars, such as Forgotten Faces, Reality Check and Alternate Take, are interspersed throughout the text.

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If the narrative is largely traditional, these features introduce some unfamiliar figures and surprising facts. Even with few notes and a scant bibliography, this lively narrative with its informative supplementary material makes for an excellent introduction to the revolution for general readers. Would you like to tell us about a lower price?

If you are a seller for this product, would you like to suggest updates through seller support? Learn more about Amazon Prime. Axelrod offers a fascinating examination of what really caused the breach across the Atlantic and how the revolutionary movement began. The American Revolution brought something unique to the world: In engrossing, conversational prose, Axelrod brings the birth of America to life by digging beneath the classically taught history to explore everything from little-known facts to alternate realities, along with the eyewitness testimony, pop culture, and art of the period.

Read more Read less. Customers who bought this item also bought. Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1. The Real History of the Cold War: The Real History of the Civil War: Sponsored products related to this item What's this? On Homecoming and Belonging. Sebastian Junger explores what we can learn from tribal societies about loyalty, belonging, and the eternal quest for meaning in life. Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition. In , war erupts in Southern Africa as the armies of the Zulu Kingdom and British Empire converge along the slopes of the mountain of Isandlwana.

Selected and Edited by M Napoleon's original thoughts on leadership and art of war. Here are his secrets of success! In the Name of the Father: Washington's Legacy, Slavery, and the Making of a Nation. This is the most important book you'll read this year. Army, Air Force, Navy, Marines, it is the personal stories of vets, in their own words.

What Made the Founders Different. Real History Series Hardcover: Sterling; First Edition edition November 1, Language: Related Video Shorts 0 Upload your video. A Good Year for Revolution. Discover the true story of Benjamin Franklin with this concise and easy to read biography. George Washington's Secret Six: Did you know that James Madison was the last surviving signer of the U.

Discover more about his remarkable life here. Share your thoughts with other customers. Write a customer review. Read reviews that mention war axelrod british overview knowledge learn provides alan interest happened colonial narrative americans volume balance colonies textbook background legend facts. There was a problem filtering reviews right now. Please try again later. Recently bought this book as i had not read anything about the American revolution in many years. This almost could qualify as a school textbook with regard to the information but certainly more fun to read than most textbooks.

Great pictures and side bars help bring the stories to life. Everything's chronologically ordered from the years leading up to the war to post-revolutionary time. The Americans solved their training dilemma during their stint in Winter Quarters at Valley Forge, where they were relentlessly drilled and trained by General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , a veteran of the famed Prussian General Staff.

He taught the Continental Army the essentials of military discipline, drills, tactics and strategy, and wrote the Revolutionary War Drill Manual. When the war began, the 13 colonies lacked a professional army or navy. Each colony sponsored local militia. Militiamen were lightly armed, had little training, and usually did not have uniforms. Their units served for only a few weeks or months at a time, were reluctant to travel far from home and thus were unavailable for extended operations, and lacked the training and discipline of soldiers with more experience.

If properly used, however, their numbers could help the Continental armies overwhelm smaller British forces, as at the battles of Concord , Bennington and Saratoga , and the siege of Boston. Both sides used partisan warfare but the Americans effectively suppressed Loyalist activity when British regulars were not in the area. Seeking to coordinate military efforts, the Continental Congress established a regular army on June 14, , and appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief.

The development of the Continental Army was always a work in progress, and Washington used both his regulars and state militia throughout the war. The United States Navy recognizes October 13, as the date of its official establishment, the passage of the resolution of the Continental Congress at Philadelphia that created the Continental Navy. However, in both the Continental Navy and Continental Marines were disbanded. At the beginning of , Washington commanded 20, men, with two-thirds enlisted in the Continental Army and the other third in the various state militias. About 55, sailors served aboard American privateers during the war.

Armies were small by European standards of the era, largely attributable, on the American side, to limitations such as lack of powder and other logistical capabilities; and, on the British side, to the difficulty of transporting troops across the Atlantic, as well as the dependence on local supplies, which the Patriots tried to cut off.

The largest force Washington commanded was certainly under 17,, [] and may have been no more than 13, troops, and even the combined American and French forces at the siege of Yorktown amounted to only about 19, General Washington assumed main five main roles during the war.

First, he designed the overall strategy of the war, in cooperation with Congress. The goal was always independence. Second, he provided leadership of troops against the main British forces in —77 and again in He lost many of his battles, but he never surrendered his army during the war, and he continued to fight the British relentlessly until the war's end. Washington worked hard to develop a successful espionage system to detect British locations and plans. In it discovered Benedict Arnold was a traitor. Even then, however, British commanders ignored or downplayed threats that were revealed.

The most serious intelligence failure came in when top commanders were unaware that The American and French armies at both left the Northeast and marched down to Yorktown, where they outnumbered Cornwallis by more than 2 to 1. Third, he was charged selecting and guiding the generals. In June , Congress made its first attempt at running the war effort with the committee known as "Board of War and Ordnance", succeeded by the Board of War in July , a committee which eventually included members of the military.

The results of his general staff were mixed, as some of his favorites never mastered the art of command, such as John Sullivan. Eventually, he found capable officers such as Nathanael Greene , Daniel Morgan , Henry Knox chief of artillery , and Alexander Hamilton chief of staff. The American officers never equaled their opponents in tactics and maneuver, and they lost most of the pitched battles.

The great successes at Boston , Saratoga , and Yorktown came from trapping the British far from base with much larger numbers of troops. Fourth he took charge of training the army and providing supplies, from food to gunpowder to tents. He recruited regulars and assigned Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , a veteran of the Prussian general staff, to train them. He transformed Washington's army into a disciplined and effective force. There was never nearly enough.

Washington's fifth and most important role in the war effort was the embodiment of armed resistance to the Crown, serving as the representative man of the Revolution. His long-term strategy was to maintain an army in the field at all times, and eventually this strategy worked. His enormous personal and political stature and his political skills kept Congress, the army, the French, the militias, and the states all pointed toward a common goal.

Furthermore, he permanently established the principle of civilian supremacy in military affairs by voluntarily resigning his commission and disbanding his army when the war was won, rather than declaring himself monarch. He also helped to overcome the distrust of a standing army by his constant reiteration that well-disciplined professional soldiers counted for twice as much as poorly trained and led militias.

African Americans —slave and free—served on both sides during the war. The British recruited slaves belonging to Patriot masters and promised freedom to those who served by act of Lord Dunmore's Proclamation. Because of manpower shortages, George Washington lifted the ban on black enlistment in the Continental Army in January Small all-black units were formed in Rhode Island and Massachusetts ; many slaves were promised freedom for serving. Some of the men promised freedom were sent back to their masters, after the war was over, out of political convenience.

Another all-black unit came from Saint-Domingue with French colonial forces. At least 5, black soldiers fought for the Revolutionary cause. Tens of thousands of slaves escaped during the war and joined British lines; others simply moved off in the chaos. When they withdrew their forces from Savannah and Charleston, the British also evacuated 10, slaves belonging to Loyalists. More than 3, of them were freedmen and most of these were resettled in Nova Scotia; other blacks were sold in the West Indies.

Most American Indians east of the Mississippi River were affected by the war, and many tribes were divided over the question of how to respond to the conflict. A few tribes were on friendly terms with the other Americans, but most Indians opposed the union of the Colonies as a potential threat to their territory. Approximately 13, Indians fought on the British side, with the largest group coming from the Iroquois tribes, who fielded around 1, men. Members of the Mohawk nation fought on both sides. Many Tuscarora and Oneida sided with the colonists. Mohawk leaders Joseph Louis Cook and Joseph Brant sided with the Americans and the British respectively, and this further exacerbated the split.

Early in July , a major action occurred in the fledgling conflict when the Cherokee allies of Britain attacked the western frontier areas of North Carolina. Their defeat resulted in a splintering of the Cherokee settlements and people, and was directly responsible for the rise of the Chickamauga Cherokee , bitter enemies of the Colonials who carried on a frontier war for decades following the end of hostilities with Britain. Pybus estimates that about 20, slaves defected to or were captured by the British, of whom about 8, died from disease or wounds or were recaptured by the Patriots.

The British took some 12, at the end of the war; of these remained in slavery. Including those who left during the war, a total of about to 10, slaves gained freedom. Baller examines family dynamics and mobilization for the Revolution in central Massachusetts.

American Revolutionary War

He reports that warfare and the farming culture were sometimes incompatible. Militiamen found that living and working on the family farm had not prepared them for wartime marches and the rigors of camp life. Rugged individualism conflicted with military discipline and regimentation. A man's birth order often influenced his military recruitment, as younger sons went to war and older sons took charge of the farm.

A person's family responsibilities and the prevalent patriarchy could impede mobilization. Harvesting duties and family emergencies pulled men home regardless of the sergeant's orders. Some relatives might be Loyalists, creating internal strains. On the whole, historians conclude the Revolution's effect on patriarchy and inheritance patterns favored egalitarianism.

McDonnell shows a grave complication in Virginia's mobilization of troops was the conflicting interests of distinct social classes, which tended to undercut a unified commitment to the Patriot cause. The Assembly balanced the competing demands of elite slave-owning planters, the middling yeomen some owning a few slaves , and landless indentured servants, among other groups. The Assembly used deferments, taxes, military service substitute, and conscription to resolve the tensions. Unresolved class conflict, however, made these laws less effective. There were violent protests, many cases of evasion, and large-scale desertion, so that Virginia's contributions came at embarrassingly low levels.

With the British invasion of the state in , Virginia was mired in class division as its native son, George Washington, made desperate appeals for troops. These are some of the standard works about the war in general that are not listed above; books about specific campaigns, battles, units, and individuals can be found in those articles.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about military actions only. For political and social developments, including the origin and aftermath of the war, see American Revolution. American Revolutionary War Clockwise: Dutch Republic [5] Mysore [6] American Indians:. American Revolutionary War Campaigns and theaters. New York and New Jersey campaign. Saratoga campaign and Philadelphia campaign.

Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War. Peace of Paris and Treaty of Paris Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War. Hessian soldier and Loyalist American Revolution. Continental Army and Minutemen. George Washington in the American Revolution. Colonists who supported the British and opposed the Revolution are referred to as "Loyalists" or "Tories". The geographical area of the thirteen colonies is often referred to simply as "America". Medical Men in the American Revolution The navy of the American Revolution: The Burrows Brothers Co.

Retrieved May 25, Archived from the original PDF on September 27, Retrieved September 23, University of Chicago Press, Archived from the original on March 23, Retrieved November 29, Journal de la societe des Americanistes. Archived from the original on June 5, Retrieved June 4, Warfare and Armed Conflicts: Retrieved January 7, Retrieved April 21, Atlas of World Military History. No Taxation without Representation: Archived from the original PDF on May 13, Political Ideology in Eighteenth-century Britain — H.

Retrieved — via Books. A History of the American People. Christie and Benjamin W. Labaree, Empire or Independence, — New York: In the Common Cause: American Response to the Coercive Acts of Nash; Carter Smith Atlas Of American History. Conspiracy Theories in American History: A Leap in the Dark.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA: Independence Hall Association , publishing electronically as ushistory. Archived from the original on April 2, Retrieved March 14, The plan was considered very attractive to most of the members, as it proposed a popularly elected Grand Council which would represent the interests of the colonies as a whole, and would be a continental equivalent to the English Parliament. After a sincere debate, it was rejected by a six to five vote on October 22, It may have been the arrival of the Suffolk County Boston resolutions that killed it.

That the foundation of English liberty, and of all free government, is a right in the people to participate in their legislative council: But, from the necessity of the case, and a regard to the mutual interest of both countries, we cheerfully consent to the operation of such acts of the British parliament, as are bonfide, restrained to the regulation of our external commerce, for the purpose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother country, and the commercial benefits of its respective members; excluding every idea of taxation internal or external, for raising a revenue on the subjects, in America, without their consent.

A New Look at the Past , p.

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This is the total size of Smith's force. A History of the American Revolution. Major General Richard Montgomery: The Making of an American Hero. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. Anderson, The Battle for the Fourteenth Colony: Portrait of a Province. Desjardin, Through a Howling Wilderness: Benedict Arnold's March to Quebec, Lefkowitz, Benedict Arnold's Army: Random House Trade Paperbacks. Revolutionary Virginia, the Road to Independence. University of Virginia Press. Britain's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, — University of South Carolina Press.

Rebels and Redcoats, p. Rebels and Redcoats , pp. Esek Hopkins, commander-in-chief of the continental navy during the American Revolution, to Essays in the economic history of the Atlantic world. Resolutions of the Second Continental Congress". The text of the king's speech is online , published by the American Memory project. Historical Dictionary of Ireland. A History of England.

Irish Opinion and the American Revolution, — Origins of the American Revolution. The Continentals' First Battle. Botner III, p. Morris and Jeffrey B. North Callahan p. America in the Summer of Independence and the Conference for Peace. The city at the heart of the American Revolution The new complete history of the United States of America, Volume 6.

British Prison Ships in the American Revolution Washington Crossing the Delaware. Casualty numbers vary slightly with the Hessian forces, usually between 21—23 killed, 80—95 wounded, and — captured including the wounded. Battles of the Revolutionary War, — IV , p.

The Battle of Bennington: The War of the Revolution. History of land battles in North America. Taaffe, The Philadelphia Campaign, — , pp. Historical Dictionary of the American Revolution. A History of American Foreign Relations to The American Secretaries of State and their diplomacy V. Retrieved May 8, American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: A History to The Great Powers and American Independence. The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution.


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Spain's Contribution to the independence of the United States. United States of America. United States Diplomatic History: From Revolution to Empire. Britain and France at the Birth of America: The European Powers and the Peace Negotiations of — University of Exeter Press. Retrieved 28 August Retrieved 16 November The American Victory in the War of Independence. Univ of South Carolina Press. Little, Brown, , p. The Turning Point of the Revolution. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.

Retrieved 2 June In Michael Duffy Ed. Parameters of British Naval Power, — Retrieved 12 April Johnson Publishing , p. VI , p. The Rise and Fall of the American Empire: Retrieved 14 November The English Historical Review. Dictionnaire des batailles navales franco-anglaises. Spain, Britain and the American Revolution in Florida, — Spain and the Independence of the United States: The Life of Horatio Lord Nelson. Diario de don Francisco de Saavedra. The Life and Legend of Horatio Nelson. A Dream of Glory, — The History of British India: The State at War in South Asia.

University of Nebraska Press. Archived from the original on December 30, Retrieved June 2, New York Public Library. A Response to Pankaj Mishra". As late as , following the disastrous British defeat by Tipu Sultan of Mysore at the Battle of Pollilur, 7, British men, along with an unknown number of women, were held captive by Tipu in his sophisticated fortress of Seringapatam. Political History of Carnatic under the Nawabs. The Rhode Island Campaign of Rhode Island Bicentennial Federation. Jersey City and its historic sites. William Tryon and the course of empire: The American Revolutionary War.

A Well Executed Failure: The Sullivan campaign against the Iroquois, July—September History of Washington County. George Rogers Clark Papers. The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, — Cambridge University Press, Grenier argues that "The slaughter the Indians and rangers perpetrated was unprecedented.

A Man of Distinction among Them: Kent State University Press, Bayonets in the Wilderness. Anthony Waynes Legion in the Old Northwest. University of Oklahoma Press. The Old Northwest in the American Revolution: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, The American Revolution in the South Southern Campaigns of the American Revolution.

A Battlefield History Rankin, North Carolina in the American Revolution The American Revolution in the Carolinas. Retrieved January 26, Cornwallis could not afford the casualties his army sustained, and withdrew to Wilmington. By doing so, Cornwallis ceded control of the countryside to the Continentals. General Greene , Appleton and Company , p. University of Alabama Press.

South Carolina Patriot in the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis wrote this pamphlet shortly after the war in explanation of his actions. This lack of notification was one of Clinton's main arguments in his own defense in the controversy which followed the surrender at Yorktown. The Battle of Yorktown, George Washington's Generals and Opponents: The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy, — Virginia in the American Revolution The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis, Retrieved 8 February The Campaign that Won America.

The Perils of Peace. George Washington and the Battle of Yorktown The House of Commons — Deel 3 in Dutch , Rotterdam: History of the Corps of Royal Engineers. The Great Siege , Gibraltar: University Press of the Pacific. The frontier war for American independence. Archaeology of colonial Pensacola.

University Press of Florida. Wars of the Americas: Comprising a General Description of the Colony: A narrative of some of the principal events from the earliest period of products and natural history. Major Operations of the Royal Navy, — Warfare in the Eighteenth Century. Historical record of the Royal Marine Forces, Volume 2. Thomas and William Boone. Command at Sea, — Battles of the Honorourable East India Company.

Retrieved 4 June Battle Honours of the Indian Army — Retrieved 3 November History of Tipu Sultan. Retrieved 19 January A history of the British army. Warships of the world to In Hagan, Kenneth J. Strategy in the American War of Independence: British friends of the American Revolution.

Persistence of a British Idea. Minnesota's Boundary with Canada: Its Evolution Since A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution. Garry Clifford and Shane J. Maddock, American foreign relations: A history, to vol 1 p. A Good and Wise Measure: The Search for the Canadian-American Boundary, — U of Toronto Press. Kaplan, "The Treaty of Paris, The Genesis of the French Revolution: Gazetteer of South India, Volume 1.

Smith, "Josiah Harmar, Diplomatic Courier. The final peace treaty was signed on September 3, and ratified in the U. Hostilities in India continued until July The Great Powers and American Independence The lower figure for number of wounded comes from Chambers, p. Retrieved 26 September The American Revolution — The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions".

The Journal of Economic History. There is an overwhelming consensus that Americans' economic standard of living on the eve of the Revolution was among the highest in the world. Nettels, The Emergence of a National Economy, — pp. Retrieved 14 January The Brief American Pageant: A History of the Republic, Volume I: The War of American Independence — Franklin, France, and the Birth of America. Las Rutas de la Plata: Figures include the 41st regiment of invalids, but not the 20 independent companies on garrison duty.

Troops in India were under the control of the East India Company , and did not become part of the British Army until The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain — Stationery Office, , pp. Manuscripts in the Public Record Office, 5: On militia see Boatner , p. Archived from the original on April 22, However, this statement is referenced to a note on pp. Totals obtained by Cornwallis, dated 15 January, show that the whole legion had men, but approximately were dragoons".

There would therefore appear to be no evidence for putting the total strength of the five British Legion Light Infantry companies at more than The North Carolina Historical Review. The American Revolution in the South, — ". Retrieved 18 November The Military Experience in the Age of Reason. Archived from the original on July 28, Retrieved 10 June Retrieved 20 June New York Historical Society Collections, , p.

The World of the American Revolution: A Daily Life Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on October 31, Archived from the original on July 15, Stevens London, , pp. O'Callaghan Albany, , p. General, Letters and Journals, translated from the original German by W. Stone Albany, p. National Identity and the Common British Soldier. Leading the Army from to the Present.

The American Revolution

Ferling, Almost A Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence , pp. The Birth of American Independence. New York Through the Centuries. This lack of notification was one of Clinton's main arguments in his own defense in the controversy that followed the surrender at Yorktown. A History of England: In the Eighteenth Century. Companion to the American Revolution , ch. Accessed January 29, Retrieved November 5, Military Experience in the Age of Reason.

In the original edition, p. Washington, Rochambeau, and the Yorktown Campaign of online. British Intelligence Operations during the American Revolution. Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff, — Freeman, and Richard Harwell, Washington p. Lengel, General George Washington: A Military Life pp. Encyclopedia of African American History. Hill and Wang, , p. The William and Mary Quarterly. Three Regions in Transition Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, , pp. The war for independence and the transformation of American society.

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Retrieved March 25, Grant, "Black Immigrants into Nova Scotia, — Walker, The Black Loyalists: The Fight for Independence, — Analysis from a noted British military historian. Benn, Carl Historic Fort York, — Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. Military topics, references many secondary sources. The American Revolution in Indian Country: Chambers, John Whiteclay II, ed.


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