Mnemonics Handbook for Premed Students: Biology, Physiology, Chemistry and Physics (Quick Review Not

Mnemonics Handbook for Premed Students: Biology, Physiology, Chemistry and Physics Use Quick Review Mnemonics to help you learn or brush up on the subject quickly. You can Perfect guide for all biology, chemistry and premed majors and anyone preparing for the MCAT, DAT, OAT and similar.
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Flashcards can be beneficial if your basic content knowledge is deficient in some area. However, remember that the most challenging aspect of the MCAT is not that it requires you to memorize the fine details of content knowledge, but that it requires you to apply your basic scientific knowledge to unfamiliar situations, and flashcards alone will not help you there. If you choose to use flashcards, make sure to incorporate plenty of practice passages and full-length practice tests to round out your preparation.

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Why The Princeton Review? Productive Preparation We know that great scores take work. Engaging Teachers We love our teachers, and so will you. Yes, I love saving money! Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. Explores the neurobiology of learning and memory from the level of the synapse up to the neural systems underlying emergent mnemonic function. Topics include the synaptic mechanisms underlying neural plasticity; the molecular basis of mnemonic processes; and the neural circuits serving distinct memory systems. In addition to lecture-based material, students utilize primary research and review articles from the current scientific literature to evaluate data and develop hypotheses via oral presentations and active discussions in the classroom.

The overarching goal of the course is to provide a neurobiological perspective on how information is encoded, consolidated, and later retrieved and the significance of dysfunction in these processes associated with neurologic deficits and disease. Offers independent laboratory research work on a chosen topic under the direction of members of the department.

Course content depends on instructor.

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Offers students an opportunity for internship work. Offers a series of colloquia in biological research by invited experts on current topics. Examines the expression of endogenously generated twenty-four-hour circadian rhythms in eukaryotic life, emphasizing theoretical foundations as well as current research strategies for understanding how biological clocks work.

Presents analytic principles essential for understanding biological rhythmicity in any organism at any level of organization. Emphasizes strategies used to understand the concrete mechanisms underlying biological rhythmicity. Presents techniques of electron microscopy applied to biological materials. Discusses specimen preparation, fixation, thin-sectioning, staining, operation of the microscopes, photographic techniques, and interpretation of electron micrographs. Requires student seminars and project. Designed for graduate and advanced undergraduate students with no formal training in electron microscopy.

Offers students an opportunity to acquire a thorough working knowledge of transmission and scanning electron microscopy by having each student process specimens from living tissue through the production of electron micrographs. This involves standard specimen preparation protocols including fixation, embedding, ultramicrotomy, staining, critical point drying, and sputter coating, as well as the independent operation of state-of-the-art electron microscopy equipment. Designed as an introductory course on plant biotechnology for upper-level undergraduates and first-year graduate students.

Using examples from current research, offers students an opportunity to review the technology used to modify and improve economically important plants for sustainable agriculture as well as for the production of pharmaceutical and medicinal products. Specific topics include principles of plant heredity and genetics molecular biology , plant breeding and improvement, hormones and growth regulators, gene isolation, plant tissue culture and transformation, plant-based pharmaceutical production, and stress tolerance and improvement.

The course consists of weekly lectures, laboratory demonstrations, and review sessions of recent literature. Explores the endocrine regulation of physiological systems, emphasizing current research. Lectures provide background, followed by analysis of primary literature and case studies.

Topics include growth, reproduction, nutrient utilization, stress, and environmental endocrine disruption. Emphasizes humans but includes material on other animals, including invertebrates. Explores the biological basis of embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells toward an understanding of their roles in development, homeostasis, and regeneration, as well as their therapeutic potential. The study of stem cells is a rapidly advancing area in biology and biomedicine. Although the biological basis of stem cells is a major focus, the course aims to put this knowledge into a biomedical context.

Offers readings and seminar-style discussion from the current literature on important inventions and practical applications in biotechnology, with a focus on drug discovery. Focuses on how microorganisms develop, exchange, and regulate genes, and survive in various environments. Emphasizes experimental design and proof, particularly as related to genetic exchange, gene regulation, single and multicellular development, and cell-cell communication.

Illustrates imaging principles and techniques and their application to biological problems. Topics vary and may include microscopic and macroscopic approaches in areas such as cellular and neurobiology, ecology, and biochemistry. Provides an overview of the structure and function of genes, proteins, and cells involved in the generation of the immune response. Emphasis is on molecular immunology and immunogenetics. Discusses history of evolutionary theory and lines of evidence. Emphasis is on mechanisms of speciation. Introduces and discusses current evolutionary topics. Presents a cellular approach to structure and function of the nervous system.

Topics include neuronal anatomy, phylogeny of nervous systems, electrophysiology of membrane conductances, synaptic transmission, integration in nerve cells, neuronal networks, sensory systems, motor systems, sensory-motor integration, development and regeneration of neuronal connectivity, and fundamentals of neurotechnology for biomedics. Focuses on the development of these concepts from the primary research literature. A term project involves the design of a simple nervous system for a hypothetical animal.

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Intended for those familiar with the basics of genetics, molecular and cellular biology, and biochemistry, all of which are required to appreciate the beauty, power, and importance of modern genomic approaches. Introduces the latest sequencing methods, array technology, genomic databases, whole genome analysis, functional genomics, and more. Cell and Molecular Biology of Aging. Covers the recent scientific discoveries that have transformed our understanding of the process of aging.

Examines in-depth the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control life span in model organisms, including yeast, worms, flies, and mice.

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Discusses dietary interventions and pharmacological approaches that extend the life span and delay the onset of age-related diseases. Covers potential applications of the new science of aging to improve human health. Requires students to read, discuss, present, and report on primary research papers from the literature.

Combines molecular biology, cell biology, pharmacology, and genetics to address the fundamental molecular properties of neurons and neuronal networks. At its core, the principles that govern the communication between cells of the nervous system are determined by their molecular components. The molecular landscape defines the individual properties of a neuron and the function of neuronal networks as a whole. Focuses on neuronal signaling through the function of ion channels and receptors, supramolecular mechanisms like synaptic transmission and axonal transport, and the molecular mechanisms that underlie biological networks and neural coding of information.

Uses the fundamental understanding of molecular networks as a framework to explore the mechanisms that underlie neurological diseases and disorders.


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Discusses current treatments and therapies that rely on modulating neuronal signaling through molecular interactions. Immunotherapies of Cancer and Infectious Disease. Describes the basic principles and the current promises and disappointments with immunotherapies of cancer. Provides a historical overview of the main barriers between tumors and antitumor killer cells. The unifying focus of the lectures is the role of immunological and physiological negative regulators, i.

Designed to familiarize students with the fundamentals of all aspects of data management within an academic setting. Topics include data acquisition, documentation and storage, intellectual property and patents, assignment of ownership, identification of conflicts of interest, and the peer review process for manuscript and grant submission. Responsible conduct of research RCR training is an important part of this course. Offers students an opportunity to become familiar with, and complete, fundamental training using nationally accepted standard certifications, including RCR training, pertaining to data management.

Students analyze patent preparation and manuscript and grant peer review. Additionally, students participate in a study section review panel. Multidisciplinary Approaches in Motor Control. Studies the field of human motor control, or motor neuroscience. Offers students an opportunity to obtain a fundamental understanding of the processes underlying the acquisition and control of sensorimotor behavior. The systems approach connects a variety of disciplines ranging from neurophysiology, to engineering, to neurorehabilitation. Reviews a selection of approaches with emphasis on motor learning. Focuses on early behavioral approaches, more recent neurophysiological and imaging approaches, and rehabilitation.

Discusses selected representative papers, including seminal historical papers and more recent studies reflecting the current discussion in the field. Fundamentals of Biochemistry for Biotechnology. Covers the fundamentals of biochemistry for biotechnology applications, including protein structure and function, DNA technologies, bioenergetics, and biosynthesis. Requires permission of instructor for those students not majoring in biotechnology. Organic Chemistry for Biotechnology. Offers an introduction to organic chemistry that seeks to prepare students for the MS in biotechnology program.

Explores the nature of and the biological aspects of organic compounds. Covers the fundamentals of the structure, nomenclature, properties, and reactions of carbon compounds. Also introduces the chemistry of biological molecules, including amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as spectroscopic structure determination known as nuclear magnetic resonance NMR.

Provides an interdisciplinary, state-of-the-art introduction to biotechnology to students of the Master of Science in Biotechnology program. Covers the molecular foundations of biotechnology, molecular microbiology, receptor pharmacology, drug development processes, biotech process development and scale-up, drug approval and regulatory affairs, genomics, microarray analysis, proteomics, computational biology, molecular modeling, analytical biotechnology, and bioterrorism and biotechnology.

Focuses on project management and leadership skills in the biotechnology industry. Emphasizes professional etiquette, teamwork, and team leadership in a diverse, multidisciplinary workplace. Also offers students an opportunity to develop their technical communication skills scientific writing, public speaking, and technical presentations. Introduces selected key skills and techniques central to life sciences research. Combines hands-on training in basic laboratory skills with lecture and live demonstration.

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Exposes students to a broad spectrum of concepts and issues that are common to biotechnology companies. Provides an overview of innovation, intellectual property, planning, government regulation, and strategic alliances. Introduces biotechnology entrepreneurship; management; and the legal aspects of science, technology, and research in the biotechnology context. Covers the basics of patenting and the application of patents to the biotechnology industry, including the controversial area of gene patents.

Managing and Leading a Biotechnology Company. Covers managing projects and personnel in a technology-based organization Such activities are best carried out by those who combine the technical knowledge of their industry with the insight into the best practices for working with groups of highly educated, and often very experienced people.

The biotechnology industry is strongly dependent on the concept that knowledge is always shared and ownership is collective. As the fundamental organizational mantra is teamwork, the principles of managing in this environment are key to achieving important goals.


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    • How to accomplish this and make decisions that drive innovation and success have common threads with other technology based industries, but with the added complexity of the scientific challenges facing the biotechnology industry. Biotechnology by its very nature is an innovative multidisciplinary industry.

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    This is especially true for the biopharmaceutical industry in which the process of discovering new drugs and new drug targets requires novel approaches to solving difficult questions about disease processes and human health. This course focuses on the essential nature of innovation in the biotech industry, exposes students to the basics of creating startup organizations, explains the key role of business planning in enterprise creation, describes means for assessing risks, making choices from available options and how to measure success.

    Various business models, outsourcing work and establishing strategic partnerships are examined. Economics and Marketing for Biotechnology Managers. Provides a foundation for making financial decisions in the biotechnology industry. Examines accounting methods, forecasting, corporate valuation, exit strategies and drug pipeline economics. Introduces concepts for marketing pharmaceutical products. Introduction to Biotherapeutic Approvals.

    Introduces students to biologics. The class of drugs referred to as biologics or biotherapeutics, proteins drugs, makes up a large portion of the drugs in development and on the market today. Focuses on considerations for approval for such drugs.


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      • Offers students an opportunity to learn how to be able to describe and explain both biologics and biosimilars. Focuses on stability testing of both small molecule and protein drugs. Studies the difference between small molecule and protein drug stability testing. Offers students an opportunity to learn how to explain the International Council on Harmonisation ICH -Quality Q1 guidelines and how they are applied to drug development and approvals. Scientific Information Management for Biotechnology Managers.

      Introduces biotechnology students to scientific information management specifically related to the biotechnology field. Covers an introduction to data sciences, its history, and how it is relevant to biotech today. Offers students an opportunity to obtain the background needed to assess and use modern data management capabilities such as "the cloud," big data, etc. Covers recent developments in origination of data, metadata, data models, data management, and organization and storage of data in biotechnology. Introduction to Regulatory Science. Introduces the science that supports regulatory affairs in the biopharmaceutical industry.

      Focuses on the methods and instruments used to characterize the processes and products of biotechnology including the production, separation, purification, characterization, and formulation of biologics; the pharmacokinetics of proteins; chemical and biological equivalencies of biogenerics; stability testing; high throughput assays; cell system expression; variants; method validation; and quality control.

      Focuses on the fundamental principles and elements in the process of manufacturing biopharmaceuticals. Covers kinetics of enzymatic reactions; selected microbial and cell metabolism and relevant control mechanisms; kinetics of cell growth, cell death, substrate consumption, and product formation; mathematical modeling and representation of bioprocesses; examples of industrial bioprocesses to illustrate types and operations of upstream and downstream unit operations and mass transfers in fermentation systems—the affecting factors and the impact on process development and scale-up.

      Also includes an overview of economic considerations. Emphasizes bioprocesses for recombinant protein production. Cell Culture Processes for Biopharmaceutical Production. Covers the principles and concepts involved in the development of mammalian and other types of cell culture processes for the manufacturing of biopharmaceutical products such as monoclonal antibodies and recombinant proteins.

      Topics include protein expression and clone generation, batch and perfusion processes and media development, bioreactor operations and scale-up, and innovations in cell culture processes. Regulatory concepts include quality assurance in a cGMP environment. Downstream Processes for Biopharmaceutical Production. Addresses the development of recombinant protein purification processes in biotechnology.

      Provides an overview of the scientific principles, engineering strategies, and unit operations facilities involved in scalable protein purification processes. Also discusses viral clearance and inactivation strategies; cGMP considerations; and technological advances to improve effectiveness and efficiency, such as membrane-based disposable systems.

      Drug Product Processes for Biopharmaceuticals. Covers the development and implementation of the drug product manufacturing process for biopharmaceuticals. Focuses on biologic products, specifically proteins. Covers the workflow required for the development and implementation of the production process with the scientific and engineering principles highlighted. Topics include the preformulation process for early stage product development, the selection of formulation compatible with the targeted product presentation, optimization of formulations to meet stability and usage objectives, the design of a scalable process for production, large-scale process equipment and operations, process scale-up considerations, and regulatory compliance issues for drug product manufacturing facilities and operations.