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Corporal punishment does not guarantee a harmful effect, but the more that children experience corporal punishment and the more frequent and severe it is, the more they are at risk for problems like aggression and depression, regardless of their cultural background.‎Abstract · ‎The difference between · ‎Methodological issues · ‎What is the Evidence?
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Economics of Education Review, 30 3 , Does peer ability affect student achievement?. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 18 5 , Cognitive versus emotional parenting: Alignments between child-rearing cognitions, emotions, and reported behavior.

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Peer effects in the classroom: Learning from gender and race variation No. National Bureau of Economic Research. Journal of Family Violence, 16 3 , American Economic Review, 5 , Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53 1 , SS Experimental estimates of education production functions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2 , Mechanisms and impacts of gender peer effects at school.

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Journal of Labor Economics, 30 2 , Peer effects in microenvironments: The benefits of homogeneous classroom groups. Journal of Labor Economics, 33 1 , Long-term consequences of childhood physical abuse. Psychological Bulletin, 1 , Identification of endogenous social effects: The reflection problem. The Review of Economic Studies, 60 3 , Some child-rearing antecedents of criminal behavior in adult men.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37 9 , Psychological Reports, 79 1 , Parenting stress and self-reported discipline strategies of Kenyan caregiving grandmothers. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27 6 , Bullying effect on students performance. EconomiA, 19 1 , To the Editor: In spite of a high index of suspicion, corporal punishment of children continues to exist in homes and schools worldwide.

Many studies over the past have established the crippling effect of physical force to discipline children but it is still considered normal to slap, spank, hit, push and grab children to instill fear and curb behavior. Studies have shown that adults with chronic physical and mental health disorders as well as delinquency and emotional instability have had exposure to abusive stressors in their childhood [ 1 ].

The knowledge and extensive study of this in developed countries has resulted in a strong child and protective services division in their healthcare system and is not taken lightly.


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This is a wake-up call for parenting and schooling in developing countries like India, where such corporal punishment is not considered a form of abuse but rather an age-old norm of discipline and training children. It is possible that children intuitively suppress their emotional and mental needs in fear of being reprimanded and this may be a cause of under-diagnosis of childhood mental disorders [ 3 ].

This also results in anxiety and malingering to avoid school, lack of help-seeking behavior and more importantly, an attitude of complacency towards violence in the adult years [ 4 ]. The implications of these facts are far-reaching. Awareness among the masses that such practices do amount to abuse, is necessary.

Hitting kids: American parenting and physical punishment

A higher index of suspicion among pediatricians in India regarding such domestic and school-related issues is imperative and detailed counseling of the parents should be done. Pediatricians should be mindful that this may be the cause of several health issues a child is brought to the doctor with. In fact, according to the Office of Civil Rights, , children were subjected to corporal punishment during the school year. Meanwhile, a study conducted by the American Civil Liberties Union and Human Rights Watch found that black students and disabled students were paddled most often. Interestingly, the states with stricter laws regarding corporal punishment would consider hitting children with a wooden paddle child abuse.

Many countries have banned any type of corporal punishment, including spanking. Sweden became the first country to ban corporal punishment in Since then, other countries such as Germany and Brazil also have made spanking children illegal. In , the Committee on the Rights of the Child released a statement declaring that corporal punishment is a form of violence that should be banned in all contexts.


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Other human rights organizations have issued similar warnings about spanking. Discipline shouldn't be about controlling kids. Instead, it should be about teaching them to control themselves.

As a result, it is best to use strategies that will help your children learn from their mistakes while also cultivating better decision-making skills. These skills will help them make better choices in the future. If you currently use corporal punishment with your child, you may want to consider the potential long-term consequences physical punishment could have on your child's well-being. Instead, consider alternative discipline strategies that could be more effective.

Here are some discipline strategies you might try implementing. If you have concerns about your children's behavior or if they don't seem to be responding to your discipline strategies, seek professional help.

Talking With Families About Corporal Punishment | Clinician Reviews

Talk to your pediatrician about what steps you can take to address misbehavior in a healthy way. Get diet and wellness tips to help your kids stay healthy and happy. September 26, June Straus, Murray A.


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    4. More in Discipline. The AAP recommends that parents do no use spanking, hitting, slapping, threatening, insulting, humiliating, or shaming. Take away certain privileges , such as electronics, for 24 hours. That will hurt more than a spanking will. Place a younger child in time-out. If your child refuses to go to time-out, take away a privilege. Use restitution if your children's behavior hurts someone else.