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This block will remain in place until legal guidance changes. For example, from India, the concept that birth determines one's nature "is illustrated in the oft-repeated proverb: there can be no friendship between grass-eaters and meat-eaters, between a food and its eater". Some scholars have adopted a cautious approach, acknowledging at least a genuine, though limited, link between cultural values and proverbs: "The cultural portrait painted by proverbs may be fragmented, contradictory, or otherwise at variance with reality It is clear that the Soviet Union believed that proverbs had a direct link to the values of a culture, as they used them to try to create changes in the values of cultures within their sphere of domination.

Sometimes they took old Russian proverbs and altered them into socialist forms. Many proverbs from around the world address matters of ethics and expected of behavior. Therefore, it is not surprising that proverbs are often important texts in religions. The most obvious example is the Book of Proverbs in the Bible. Additional proverbs have also been coined to support religious values, such as the following from Dari of Afghanistan: [] "In childhood you're playful, In youth you're lustful, In old age you're feeble, So when will you before God be worshipful?

Clearly proverbs in religion are not limited to monotheists; among the Badagas of India Sahivite Hindus , there is a traditional proverb "Catch hold of and join with the man who has placed sacred ash [on himself]. A reference book to the eleven surviving major religions of the world by Selwyn Gurney Champion, from Some sayings from sacred books also become proverbs, even if they were not obviously proverbs in the original passage of the sacred book. Not all religious references in proverbs are positive, some are cynical, such as the Tajik, "Do as the mullah says, not as he does.

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An Indian proverb is cynical about devotees of Hinduism, "[Only] When in distress, a man calls on Rama". Dammann wrote, "In the [African] traditional religions , specific religious ideas recede into the background The influence of Islam manifests itself in African proverbs Christian influences, on the contrary, are rare. Reflection of Christian values is common in Amharic proverbs of Ethiopia, an area that has had a presence of Christianity for well over 1, years. The Islamic proverbial reproduction may also be shown in the image of some animals such as the dog. Although dog is portrayed in many European proverbs as the most faithful friend of man, it is represented in some Islamic countries as impure, dirty, vile, cowardly, ungrateful and treacherous, in addition to links to negative human superstitions such as loneliness, indifference and bad luck.

Though much proverb scholarship is done by literary scholars, those studying the human mind have used proverbs in a variety of studies. A similar test is being prepared in German. The study of proverbs is called paremiology which has a variety of uses in the study of such topics as philosophy , linguistics , and folklore. There are several types and styles of proverbs which are analyzed within Paremiology as is the use and misuse of familiar expressions which are not strictly 'proverbial' in the dictionary definition of being fixed sentences.

Grigorii Permjakov [] developed the concept of the core set of proverbs that full members of society know, what he called the "paremiological minimum" For example, an adult American is expected to be familiar with "Birds of a feather flock together", part of the American paremiological minimum. However, an average adult American is not expected to know "Fair in the cradle, foul in the saddle", an old English proverb that is not part of the current American paremiological minimum.

Thinking more widely than merely proverbs, Permjakov observed "every adult Russian language speaker over 20 years of age knows no fewer than proverbs, proverbial expressions, popular literary quotations and other forms of cliches". There is not yet a recognized standard method for calculating the paremiological minimum, as seen by comparing the various efforts to establish the paremiological minimum in a number of languages. A good introduction to the study of proverbs is Mieder's volume, Proverbs: A Handbook.

Mieder has also published a series of bibliography volumes on proverb research, as well as a large number of articles and other books in the field. Stan Nussbaum has edited a large collection on proverbs of Africa, published on a CD, including reprints of out-of-print collections, original collections, and works on analysis, bibliography, and application of proverbs to Christian ministry Paremia is a Spanish-language journal on proverbs, with articles available online. Mieder has published a two-volume International Bibliography of Paremiology and Phraseology , with a topical, language, and author index.

The study of proverbs has been built by a number of notable scholars and contributors. Earlier scholars were more concerned with collecting than analyzing. Desiderius Erasmus was a Latin scholar — , whose collection of Latin proverbs, known as Adagia , spread Latin proverbs across Europe. Samuel Ajayi Crowther , the Anglican bishop in Nigeria, published a collection of Yoruba proverbs From the 20th century onwards, proverb scholars were involved in not only collecting proverbs, but also analyzing and comparing proverbs. Alan Dundes was a 20th century American folklorist whose scholarly output on proverbs led Wolfgang Mieder to refer to him as a "pioneering paremiologist".

Archer Taylor was a 20th century American scholar, best known for his "magisterial" [] book The Proverb. Current proverb scholars have continued the trend to be involved in analysis as well as collection of proverbs. Claude Buridant is a 20th century French scholar whose work has concentrated on Romance languages. She has written on proverbs in Jewish traditions. Healey is an American Catholic missionary in Kenya who has led a movement to sponsor African proverb scholars to collect proverbs from their own language communities.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the biblical text, see Book of Proverbs. For other uses, see Proverb disambiguation. Not to be confused with pro-verb. Short traditional saying that expresses a perceived truth. See also: List of proverbial phrases. Main article: Paremiology. Not by bread alone: Proverbs of the Bible. New England Press. European Proverbs in 55 Languages.

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Veszpre'm, Hungary. Wolfgang Mieder. Proverbs are never out of season: Popular wisdom in the modern age Oxford University Press. The Proverb. Neil Norrick. Amsterdam: Mouton. Anand Prahlad. African-American Proverbs in Context.

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Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. Journal of Islamic and Human Advanced Research 2 Alan Dundes. On whether weather 'proverbs' are proverbs. Proverbium Also, , in Folklore Matters edited by Alan Dundes, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. The Academy. July 14, no. Gillian Hansford. Understanding Chumburung proverbs. Journal of West African Languages Daniel Ben-Amos. Introduction: Folklore in African Society.

Forms of Folklore in Africa , edited by Bernth Lindfors, pp. Austin: University of Texas. Sabir Badalkhan. Messenger, Jr. Anang Proverb-Riddles. The Journal of American Folklore Vol. Finnegan, Ruth.

Appendix:List of Latin phrases - Wiktionary

Oral Literature in Africa. The Saylor Foundation, International Journal of Linguistics and Communication 11 2 , Iranian Studies Myanmar Proverbs in Myanmar and English. Yangon: Pattamya Ngamank Publishing.


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The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs. New Haven: Yale University Press. Kent, Graeme. Aesop's Fables. Newmarket, UK: Brimax.

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Advice is a dangerous gift. Tolkien's Hobbit. University of Pennsylvania: PhD dissertation.