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Table of contents

And what, monks, is that middle path?

It is this Noble Eightfold Path, namely: right understanding, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration. Then the Buddha explained to them the Four Noble Truths: the noble truth of suffering, the noble truth of the arising of suffering, the noble truth of the cessation of suffering, and the noble truth of the way leading to the cessation of suffering. Thus did the Supreme Buddha proclaim the truth and set in motion the Wheel of the Dhamma dhamma-cakka-pavattana. Explaining each of the Four Noble Truths, the Master said: "Such, monks, was the vision, the knowledge, the wisdom, the insight, the light that arose in me, that I gained about things not heard before.

As long as, monks, my intuitive knowledge, my vision in regard to these Four Noble Truths was not absolutely clear to me, I did not claim that I had gained the incomparable Supreme Enlightenment. But when, monks, my intuitive knowledge, my vision, in regard to these Four Noble Truths was absolutely clear to me, then only did I claim that I had gained the incomparable Supreme Enlightenment.

And there arose in me insight and vision: unshakeable is the deliverance of my mind akuppaa me cetovimutti , this is my last birth, there is no more becoming rebirth. This path was one day travelled over by the Prince Siddhaartha, after he had gotten rid of all his worldly possessions in order to go through the world and proclaim the annunciation of love. The supremacy of the Four Noble Truths in the teaching of the Buddha is abundantly clear from the message of the Sinsapa Grove as from the message of the Deer Park.

Then, gathering a few sinsapa leaves in his hand, the Blessed One addressed the monks:. And why monks, have I not declared them?

Aṅgulimāla - Wikipedia

They monks, are not useful, are not essential to the life of purity they do not lead to disgust, to dispassion, to cessation, to tranquillity to full understanding, to full enlightenment, to Nibbaana. That is why monks, they are not declared by me. This is suffering—this have I declared. This is the arising of suffering—this have I declared. This is the cessation of suffering—this have I declared. This is the path leading to the cessation of suffering—this have I declared. That is why monks, they are declared by me.

The Buddha has emphatically said: "One thing do I make known: suffering, and the cessation of suffering" dukkha. To understand this unequivocal saying is to understand Buddhism; for the entire teaching of the Buddha is nothing else than the application of this one principle. What can be called the discovery of a Buddha is just these Four Noble Truths. This is the typical teaching of the Buddhas of all ages. The Buddha is also known as the peerless physician bhisakko , the supreme surgeon sallakatto anuttaro.

The Opening of the Eyes

He indeed, is an unrivalled healer. As a physician, he first diagnosed the illness, next he discovered the cause for the arising of the illness, then he considered its removal, and lastly applied the remedy. Suffering dukkha is the illness; craving ta. Thereafter the Buddha spent the vassa 28 at the Deer Park at Isipatana, sacred this day to over million of the human race.

During these three months of "rains" fifty others headed by Yasa, a young man of wealth, joined the Order. Now the Buddha had sixty disciples, all arahats who had realized the Dhamma and were fully competent to teach others. When the rainy season ended, the Master addressed his immediate disciples in these words:. You also are delivered from all fetters whether human or divine.

Go now and wander for the welfare and happiness of many out of compassion for the world, for the gain, welfare, and happiness of gods and men. Let not two of you proceed in the same direction. Proclaim the Dhamma that is excellent in the beginning, excellent in the middle, and excellent in the end, possessed of meaning and the letter and utterly perfect.

Proclaim the life of purity the holy life consummate and pure. There are beings with little dust in their eyes who will be lost through not hearing the Dhamma, there are beings who will understand the Dhamma. Thus did the Buddha commence his sublime mission, which lasted to the end of his life. With his disciples he walked the highways and byways of India enfolding all within the aura of his boundless compassion and wisdom.

Though the Order of Monks began its career with sixty bhikkhus, it expanded soon into thousands, and, as a result of the increasing number of monks, many monasteries came into being. In later times monastic Indian universities like Naalandaa, Vikramasilaa, Jagaddalaa, Vikramapuri, and Odantapuri, became cultural centres which gradually influenced the whole of Asia and through it the mental life of humankind. After a successful ministry of forty-five years the Buddha passed away at the age of eighty at the twin Saala Trees of the Mallas at Kusinaaraa in modern Uttara Pradesh about miles northeast of Benaares.

During his long ministry of forty-five years the Buddha walked widely throughout the northern districts of India. But during the rains retreat vassa , he generally stayed in one place. Here follows a brief sketch of his retreats gathered from the texts:. After the first proclamation of the Dhamma on the full moon day of July the Buddha spent the first vassa at Isipatana, Vaaraanasi. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th years: Raajagaha in the Bamboo Grove, Ve. It was during the third year that Sudatta, a householder of Saavatthi known for his bounty as Anaathapindika, "the feeder of the forlorn," having heard that a Buddha had come into being, went in search of him, listened to him, and having gained confidence saddhaa in the Teacher, the Teaching, and the Taught the Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha , attained the first stage of sainthood sotaapatti.

He was renowned as the chief supporter daayaka of the Master. Anaathapindika had built the famous Jetavana monastery at Saavatthi, known to day as Sahet-mahet, and offered it to the Buddha and his disciples. The ruins of this monastery are still to be seen. The Buddha kept retreat in the Pinnacled Hall kuu. It was at this time that King Suddhodana fell ill. The Master visited him and preached the Dhamma, hearing which the king attained perfect sanctity arahatta , and after enjoying the bliss of emancipation for seven days, passed away The Order of Nuns was also founded during this time.

Here the Buddha performed the "Twin Wonder" yamaka paa. He did the same for the first time at Kapilavatthu to overcome the pride of the Sakyas, his relatives. Here the Buddha preached the Abhidhamma or the Higher Doctrine to the deities devaas headed by his mother Mahaamaayaa, who had passed away seven days after the birth of Prince Siddhattha, and was reborn as a deva in the Taavatimsa. It was here that Nakulapitaa and his wife, a genial couple, came to see the Buddha, told him about their very happy married life, and expressed the wish that they might continue to live together both here and hereafter.

These two were placed by the Buddha as chiefs of those that win confidence.

Letting Go of Books

It was in the tenth year that, at Kosambi, a dispute arose between two parties of monks owing to a trivial offence committed by a monk. As they could not be reconciled, and as they did not pay heed to his exhortation, the Buddha retired to the forest. At the end of the vassa , their dispute settled, the monks came to Saavatthi and begged pardon of the Buddha.

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It was here that the Buddha met the brahmin farmer Kasibhaaradvaaja who spoke to the Buddha somewhat discourteously The Buddha, how ever, answered his questions with his characteristic sobriety Bhaaradvaaja became an ardent follower of the Buddha. It was on this occasion that the very interesting discourse, Kasibhaaradvaaja Sutta Suttanipaata , was delivered. The introduction of the Vinaya is attributed to the twelfth year. At that time there was a famine. The Buddha and his disciples had to be satisfied with very coarse food supplied by horse merchants.

As it was the custom of the Buddha to take leave of the inviter before setting out on his journeying, he saw the brahmin at the end of the vassa. However, the next day he offered food and gifts of robes to the Buddha and the Sangha. During this time the elder Meghiya was his personal attendant. The elder being attracted by a beautiful mango grove near a river asked the Buddha for permission to go there for meditation.

Though the Buddha asked him to wait till another monk came, he repeated the request. The Buddha granted him permission. The elder went, but to his great surprise he was oppressed by thoughts of sense pleasures, ill will, and harm, and returned disappointed. Thereupon the Buddha said: "Meghiya, for the deliverance of the mind of the immature, five things are conducive to their maturing: 1 a good friend; 2 virtuous behaviour guided by the essential precepts for training; 3 good counsel tending to dispassion, calm, cessation, enlightenment and Nibbaana; 4 the effort to abandon evil thoughts, and 5 acquiring of wisdom that discerns the rise and fall of things.

During this time the Venerable Raahula, who was still a novice saamanera , received higher ordination upasampadaa. According to the Vinaya, higher ordination is not conferred before the age of twenty; Ven. Raahula had then reached that age. It was in this year that the death occurred of King Suppabuddha, the father of Yasodharaa.

He became a follower of the Buddha. See The Book of Protection , p. The Buddha attended the funeral, and asked the king to inform the people to buy the dead body—the body that attracted so many when she was alive.

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No one cared to have it even without paying a price. On that occasion, addressing the crowd, the Buddha said in verse:. On another occasion she answered correctly all the four questions put to her by the Master, because she often pondered over the words of the Buddha. Her answers were philosophical, and the congregations who had not given a thought to the Buddha word, could not grasp the meaning of her answers.

The Buddha, however, praised her and addressed them in verse thus:. Like a bird that escapes from the net, only a few go to a good state of existence. She heard the Dhamma and attained the first stage of sanctity sotaapatti. But unfortunately she died an untimely death.