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This material is for training purposes only and should not be used as a source of operational Electrical Power System Overview, DT47/Scott Simmons Develop ability to live and work in space for extended periods Soyuz and Crew Rescue Vehicle (CRV): provide emergency crew return capability.
Table of contents
The goal of the Genome Research Facility is to support NASA research objectives in the areas of nanotechnology, fundamental space biology, and astrobiology, specifically through the development of devices that can detect single molecules of nucleic acids, decode DNA sequence variations in the genome of any organism, and apply functional genomic assays to determine molecular information processing functions in model organisms.
The Genome Research Facility also makes use of NASA Advanced Supercomputing capabilities to develop bioinformatics algorithms used to support the optimization of oligonucleotide array design and molecular dynamic modeling of ion signatures in nanopores.
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These data document the effects of spaceflight and are available for use by researchers. In addition, this archive also includes space-flown biospecimens available to scientific researchers who are pursuing answers to questions relevant to the Human Research Program.
Centrifuge Facilities Gravitational Biology NASA Ames centrifuge facilities consist of four main centrifuges: a human-rated g centrifuge and three nonhuman accelerator facilities. Of the latter, the ft-diameter centrifuge was designed to create hypergravitational research conditions for small animal, plant, and hardware payloads, while the 8-ft-diameter centrifuge was designed specifically to accommodate habitats developed for the ISS. When this centrifuge is configured with an onboard tissue culture incubator to study the effects on cultured cells of exposure to short- or long-duration hypergravity, it is referred to as the Hypergravity Facility for Cell Culture.
Bioengineering Branch Human Research Facility The development of these technologies is focused on the need to increase mission self-sufficiency by minimizing mass, power, and volume requirements through regeneration of vital resources. The Exercise Physiology and Countermeasures Project supports the lead project office at NASA JSC in developing exercise countermeasure prescriptions and exercise devices for space exploration that are effective, optimized, and validated to meet medical, vehicle, and habitat requirements.
Current projects include the development of a more comfortable harness for use on the ISS treadmill; an enhanced zero-gravity locomotion simulator, which is a new ground-based simulator developed to address the negative physiological effects of spaceflight on the musculoskeletal system; and assessments of locomotion in simulated lunar gravity relating to critical mission tasks that may be required by a crew member on a lunar mission.
All body systems, such as the cardiovascular and vestibular systems, will be simulated at the level of detail required to understand the effects of spaceflight. As part of this computational effort, Glenn Research Center is responsible for creating detailed modules that predict functional cardiac changes, alterations in bone remodeling physiology, and changes in muscle activation resulting from extended-duration reduced-gravity exposure. Additionally, Glenn Research Center recently completed work on a module simulating renal stone formation and transport in microgravity.
This center is also responsible for leading project-wide verification and validation of the integrated model. The Integrated Medical Model program develops protocols relating to planned responses for potential injuries to astronauts in space such as bone fracture, insomnia, kidney stones, head injuries, and other ailments. The current biosensors being developed can be used to measure a variety of biological data and are designed to be worn with or without spacesuits. The in-flight laboratory analysis group is developing in-flight biological test methods that do not require disposable testing components, as this waste would be cumbersome on a longer-duration flight.
Experiments are assembled in a rectangular aluminum frame, which is enclosed in an aerodynamically designed drag shield which weighs lb, kg.
This package is hoisted to the top of the tower, where it is connected to monitoring equipment e. The experiment itself falls 7. The drop ends when the drag shield and experiment are stopped by an airbag at the bottom of the tower. The drop tower can accommodate experiments up to kg. Zero Gravity Research Facility The Zero Gravity Research Facility provides a near-weightless or microgravity environment for a duration of 5. A five-stage vacuum pumping process is used to reduce the pressure in the chamber to 0.
Evacuating the chamber to this pressure reduces the aerodynamic drag on the freely falling experiment vehicle to less than 0. Microgravity Emissions Laboratory The Microgravity Emissions Laboratory was developed for the support, simulation, and verification of the ISS microgravity environment. It uses a low-frequency acceleration measurement system to characterize rigid-body inertial forces generated by various operating components of the ISS. These acceleration emissions could, if too large, hinder the science performed on the ISS by disturbing the microgravity environment.
Typical test components are disk drives, pumps, motors, solenoids, fans, and cameras. Other test articles have included onboard electric power systems for spacecraft, optical measurement systems, and crystal growth experiment package assemblies. Microgravity Data Archive The Microgravity Data Archive is a database intended to hold both Experiment Data Management Plans EDMPs and any publications or presentations that were generated from combustion or fluids experiments flight- and ground-based.
The EDMPs contain information about flight experiments such as the project scientist, a summary of the experiment, what data were collected during the experiment, what data are available from the experiment, and what the results of the experiments were. Also included on an EDMP is a list of what publications or presentations were written about the experiment. The publications and presentations information includes author, title, where and when published, and the abstract from the paper. Telescience Support Center The goal of the center is to enhance the quality of scientific and engineering data, while reducing the long-term operational costs of experiments by allowing principal investigators and engineering teams to operate their payloads from their home institutions.
The center conducts research in the major physiological research fields that affect astronauts in space: musculoskeletal, neurosensory, and cardiovascular systems and radiation.
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Microgravity missions are conducted on high-altitude, free-fall parabolic trajectories, which provide microgravity environments that lack the vibrations frequently encountered on human-tended platforms. High Capacity Centrifuge This centrifuge is used only for equipment testing and has not been rated for human testing at high speeds.
Space Environment Simulator The Space Environment Simulator is a thermal vacuum chamber that exposes spacecraft components and other payloads to environmental conditions similar to those they will experience in space. The chamber has mechanical vacuum pumps augmented by cryopumps. Johnson Space Center is the primary site in the United States for astronaut operations, and as such maintains extensive resources that support both intramural and extramural investigations in microgravity science.
For example, active research labs are maintained for cardiovascular, neuro-vestibular, nutrition, exercise, musculoskeletal, and behavioral health research.
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Each laboratory is led by a dedicated scientist with an experienced research team. These investigators both initiate their own intramural research programs and are also available to collaborate with extramural investigators on NASA-approved science experiments. A fully equipped biochemistry laboratory provides laboratory services to approved investigators.
Crew quarters are present on site for behavioral research as well as support for landing day research activities. The Houston Mission Control Payload Operations Center provides continuous support for flight experiments, including, for example, real-time remote guidance for ultrasound and other clinical research activities.
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An extensive system of high-fidelity training sites for all experimental modules is available in dedicated buildings both for science and for operations. These are supported by a large neutral buoyancy laboratory for simulating EVA activities and ISS operations, as well as four human-rated vacuum chambers, two human-rated hypobaric chambers, and one human-rated hyperbaric chamber.
A partial-gravity simulation system POGO is available to simulate space operational activities, including spacesuit function at reduced gravitational gradients. Human Test Subject Facility The Human Test Subject Facility is responsible for providing qualified test participants for ground-based research. The Flight Analogs Project Team at JSC is planning a series of studies over the next 10 years that support the scientific needs of the space program.
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Two studies for which participants are currently being recruited are a bed rest study and the Lunar Analog Feasibility Study. Microgravity University The Reduced Gravity Student Flight Opportunities Program provides an opportunity for undergraduate students to propose, design, fabricate, fly, and evaluate a reduced-gravity experiment of their choice over the course of 4 to 6 months. Student experiments must be organized, designed, and operated by student team members alone.
Reduced Gravity Research Program The program uses a C-9B aircraft a McDonnell-Douglas DC-9 to conduct the reduced-gravity parabolic flights tests, which last for 2 to 3 h and average 40 to 50 parabolas. The aircraft has a cargo test area approximately 45 ft long, inches wide, and 80 inches high.
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The C-9B is still operational at JSC, and on occasion it conducts parabolic flight tests as well as meets other miscellaneous agency needs. Baseline Data Collection Facility The Baseline Data Collection Facility BDCF provides a research infrastructure and a technical workforce to support human research and testing in response to spaceflight and the conditions of a microgravity environment with potential research applications for the general population. Kennedy Space Center provides physicians, nurses, and specialized technicians for these activities.
The BDCF is equipped with multiple kinds of microscopy, including transmitted-light brightfield, darkfield, differential interference contrast, epi-fluorescence, and phase contrast. The facility has microbial, sterility, clinical, and hematology testing, as well as indoor air quality investigative surveys. The facility can create specialized gas mixtures and contains autoclaving services steam, dry heat , an ethylene oxide sterilization system, and radioisotope-rated laboratories.
The facility provides calibration,. BDCF personnel also coordinate, schedule, and perform experiment protocol reviews and validate the integrity of research methods and relevant device systems. BDCF personnel also coordinate customer use of unique chemicals, radioisotopes, and custom-blended breathing gases. The Payload Operations Center integrates research requirements, plans science missions, integrates crew and ground team training and research mission timelines, manages use of space station payload resources, handles science communications with the crew, and manages commanding and data transmissions to and from the ISS.
The Operations Center is staffed 24 h every day by three shifts of flight controllers. The NSRL is dedicated to studying the effects of space radiation on biological specimens with the ultimate goal of developing effective countermeasures for deep-space human exploration. NSRL became operational in Radiobiology and physics experiments are conducted three to four times per year for 6 weeks, for up to several weeks per run. Although the NSRL was designed with biological experiments in mind including incubators and microscopes, cell counters, other equipment for cell culture, and animal housing capabilities for rodents and some larger mammals , studies of shielding effects are also possible.
The continued availability of the NSRL is considered critical by the NASA space radiation biology community because there are few if any places in the world that can produce radiation with the characteristics appropriate for space studies. Private researchers can buy a portion of the parabolas in a given flight, thus sharing the aircraft with other researchers, or purchase the entire aircraft for a flight.
The number of parabolas and specifications thereof are negotiable between researchers and Zero-G. The cargo area for testing is 20 ft long and 5 ft wide. European Ground-Based Facilities. ESA has three types of ground-based microgravity facilities, but it also supports other facilities and environments on Earth that simulate the space environment. The three facility types are drop towers, parabolic flights, and sounding rockets. These centers are responsible for the use and implementation of European payloads onboard the ISS. At m tall, the concrete shaft can provide near-weightlessness for experiments up to three times a day.
Experiments dropped from the top of the tower experience 4. The cylindrical experiment containment capsule has a diameter of mm and a length of 1. Nominal capsule pressure is set to 1.