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Flat markers are the simplest and least expensive of all memorials. Flat markers are set flat and flush to the ground, usually on a concrete pad foundation. Bronze markers lay flat to the ground with a bronze plaque mounted on top of a granite base marker.
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Rocks can break down two ways: physically and chemically. Chemical weathering are reactions that occur when the rock interacts with water, air, and acids. The two types of weathering work together to make the tallest mountain into nothing more than a pile of sand given enough time.
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Now, rocks are made of minerals and certain minerals are more susceptible to breaking down at the Earth's surface than others. If we wanted to rank common gravestone minerals in terms of how quickly they weather, it would look something like this from most to least weatherable :. So, what is the first thing you notice? Calcite is terrible when it comes to withstanding the ravages of chemical weathering.
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This is why the old gravestones of the Midwest are barely legible because acid rain created by factory pollution has dissolved a lot of the calcite in the limestone and marble gravestones. Even more hardy minerals like plagioclase feldspar, found in everything from gabbro to granite, can be susceptible to breaking down into clays when they react with acidic water. What rock types might withstand the ravages of chemical weathering? Granite is a good start, as is sandstone, because they are rich in more-stable minerals like quartz and orthoclase a potassium-rich feldspar. However, physical weathering can hit them hard.
Sandstone might be mostly quartz depending on what kind you select , but sandstone is really just sand grains cemented together. Water can alter the cement or get into cracks between the grains, and when it freezes it can split! This is what happens in gravestones made of slate , where the prominent parting known as cleavage can allow water into the rock to split it apart. Who knew that water was such an enemy of rocks?
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What are you going to do if you want your gravestone to last forever? Beyond putting it someplace out of reach of most weathering like the Atacama Desert or, I don't know, the Moon , you want to choose a rock that is made of a resistant mineral that is fused together and lacks cleavage planes of weakness in the rock. That would get you into two places. First would be non-reactive metals, so yes, make your gravestone out of solid gold and it would last a long time or as long as it takes for someone to steal it and melt it down. View example design photos of single or individual flat markers , double or companion flat markers , flat markers for infants and children and flat markers for Jewish families and Jewish cemeteries , Learn about prices for flat markers.
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Talk with one of our award winning certified memorialists to get answers to your questions about monuments, headstones or grave markers. Ask an Expert Designer. We specialize in Jewish markers and monuments featuring Hebrew lettering, symbols and imagery. Browse galleries to get design ideas.
View Monument Designs. Make arrangements to visit our Miami, Florida showroom and sit down with one of our designers to discuss ideas for a memorial or monument. Schedule a Design Meeting.
Read about our company, products and services the old fashioned way. We will be happy to mail a color brochure to your residence at your request. Request a Brochure. Find out how much a grave marker or monument will cost. Let us know what you want and we will provide with you a price estimate. Request A Price Estimate. We design monuments for families that live in the Caribbean islands including Jamaica, Grand Cayman and the Bahamas. Caribbean Monument Designs. Read what our customers are saying about our workmanship, gravestone design, artistry, product knowledge and service. Read Testimonials.
Learn the 5 essential factors in purchasing a memorial, including colors of stone, headstone designs and customization options. Download the PDF Guide. There is something special to say about everyone but summarizing a life in just a few words can be very difficult. For example, ivy should only be cut at the base roots and left to naturally die off, never pulled off forcefully. Many materials have been used as markers. The Majmuna Stone , a tombstone with an Arabic inscription dated on a reused Roman marble block. Now exhibited at the Gozo Museum of Archaeology. Sandstone vestige of a Jewish gravestone depicting a Tzedakah box.
Jewish cemetery in Otwock Karczew-Anielin , Poland.
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Gravestone showing death date of , Wormshill. Elaborately carved grave slab at Shebbear Devon, England showing a skull sprouting flowering shoots, as a symbol of resurrection. Markers sometimes bear inscriptions. The information on the headstone generally includes the name of the deceased and their date of birth and death. Such information can be useful to genealogists and local historians. Larger cemeteries may require a discreet reference code as well to help accurately fix the location for maintenance.
The cemetery owner, church, or, as in the UK , national guidelines might encourage the use of 'tasteful' and accurate wording in inscriptions. The placement of inscriptions is traditionally placed on the forward-facing side of the memorial but can also be seen in some cases on the reverse and around the edges of the stone itself. Some families request that an inscription be made on the portion of the memorial that will be underground.
In addition, some gravestones also bear epitaphs in praise of the deceased or quotations from religious texts, such as " requiescat in pace ". In a few instances the inscription is in the form of a plea, admonishment, testament of faith, claim to fame or even a curse— William Shakespeare 's inscription famously declares. Blest be the man that spares these stones, And cursed be he that moves my bones. Or a warning about mortality , such as this Persian poetry carved on an ancient tombstone in the Tajiki capital of Dushanbe.
I heard that mighty Jamshed the King Carved on a stone near a spring of water these words: "Many—like us—sat here by this spring And left this life in the blink of an eye. We captured the whole world through our courage and strength, Yet could take nothing with us to our grave. Remember me as you pass by, As you are now, so once was I, As I am now, so you will be, Prepare for death and follow me. Headstone engravers faced their own " year problem " when still-living people, as many as , in the United States alone, pre-purchased headstones with pre-carved death years beginning with 19—.
Bas-relief carvings of a religious nature or of a profile of the deceased can be seen on some headstones, especially up to the 19th century. Since the invention of photography, a gravestone might include a framed photograph or cameo of the deceased; photographic images or artwork showing the loved one, or some other image relevant to their life, interests or achievements are sometimes now engraved onto smooth stone surfaces.
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Some headstones use lettering made of white metal fixed into the stone, which is easy to read but can be damaged by ivy or frost. Deep carvings on a hard-wearing stone may weather many centuries exposed in graveyards and still remain legible. Those fixed on the inside of churches , on the walls , or on the floor often as near the altar as possible may last much longer: such memorials were often embellished with a monumental brass. For example, by studying cemeteries used by immigrant communities, [6] some languages were found to be carved "long after the language ceased to be spoken" in the communities.
Gravestones may be simple upright slabs with semi-circular, rounded, gabled, pointed-arched, pedimental, square or other shaped tops. During the 18th century, they were often decorated with memento mori symbolic reminders of death such as skulls or winged skulls, winged cherub heads, heavenly crowns, urns or the picks and shovels of the gravedigger. Somewhat unusual were more elaborate allegorical figures , such as Old Father Time , or emblems of trade or status , or even some event from the life of the deceased particularly how they died.
Large tomb chests, false sarcophagi as the actual remains were in the earth below, or smaller coped chests were commonly used by the gentry as a means of commemorating a number of members of the same family. In the 19th century, headstone styles became very diverse, ranging from plain to highly decorated, and often using crosses on a base or other shapes differing from the traditional slab.
They might be replaced by more elaborately carved markers, such as crosses or angels.