Histórias da Meia-Noite (Classics of Brazilian Literature Livro 11) (Portuguese Edition)

Histórias da Meia-Noite (Classics of Brazilian Literature Livro 11) (Portuguese Edition) eBook: Machado de Assis: leondumoulin.nl: Kindle Store.
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According to statistical and credible data from each government and their statistical national bureaus the population of each of the nine jurisdictions is as follows by descending order:. This means that the population living in the Lusophone official area is of ,, inhabitants.

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To this number there is yet to add to the Lusophone diaspora spread throughout the world, estimated in little less than 10 million people 4. It is also important to refer that a big part of these national diasporas is a part of the already counted population of the Portuguese-speaking countries and territories, like the high number of Brazilian and PALOPs emigrant citizens in Portugal, or the high number of Portuguese emigrant citizens in the PALOPs and Brazil.

So being, the Portuguese language serves daily little more than million people, who have direct or indirect legal, juridic and social contact with it, varying from the only language used in any contact, to only education, contact with local or international administration, commerce and services or the simple sight of road signs, public information and advertising in Portuguese. The mandatory offering of Portuguese in school curricula is observed in Uruguay [ 61 ] and Argentina.

In total, the Portuguese-speaking countries will have about million people by the same year. Since , when Brazil signed into the economic community of Mercosul with other South American nations, such as Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, there has been an increase in interest in the study of Portuguese in those South American countries.


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The demographic, political, economical and cultural weight of Brazil in the continent will continue to strengthen the presence of the language in the region. Although early in the 21st century, after Macau was ceded to China and Brazilian immigration to Japan slowed down, the use of Portuguese was in decline in Asia, it is once again becoming a language of opportunity there; mostly because of increased diplomatic and financial ties with Portuguese-speaking countries in China, [ 67 ] but also some interest in their cultures, mainly Koreans and Japanese about Brazil.

Standard European Portuguese is also the preferred standard by the Portuguese-speaking African countries. As such, and despite the fact that its speakers are dispersed around the world, Portuguese has only two dialects used for learning: Some aspects and sounds found in many dialects of Brazil are exclusive to South America, and can not be found in Europe.

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However, the Santomean Portuguese in Africa may be confused with a Brazilian dialect by its phonology and prosody. Some aspects link some Brazilian dialects with the ones spoken in Africa, such as the pronunciation of "menino", which is pronounced as IPA: Dialects from inland northern Portugal have significant similarities with Galician.

Audio samples of some dialects and accents of Portuguese are available below. IPA transcriptions refer to the names in local pronounce. Differences between dialects are mostly of accent and vocabulary, but between the Brazilian dialects and other dialects, especially in their most colloquial forms, there can also be some grammatical differences.

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The Portuguese-based creoles spoken in various parts of Africa, Asia, and the Americas are independent languages. Portuguese, like Catalan and Sardinian, preserved the stressed vowels of Vulgar Latin, which became diphthongs in most other Romance languages; cf.

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Another characteristic of early Portuguese was the loss of intervocalic l and n , sometimes followed by the merger of the two surrounding vowels, or by the insertion of an epenthetic vowel between them: When the elided consonant was n , it often nasalized the preceding vowel: This process was the source of most of the language's distinctive nasal diphthongs. The Portuguese language is also the only Romance language that developed the clitic case mesoclisis: And it was also the only Romance language to develop the "syntatic pluperfect past tense": It also has single three other tense cases among the Romance languages.

Most of the lexicon of Portuguese is derived from Latin. Nevertheless, because of the Moorish occupation of the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages, and the participation of Portugal in the Age of Discovery, it has adopted loanwords from all over the world. Very few Portuguese words can be traced to the pre-Roman inhabitants of Portugal, which included the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes.

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The Phoenicians and Carthaginians, briefly present, also left some scarce traces. The influence also exists in toponymic and patronymic surnames borne by Visigoth sovereigns and their descendants, and it dwells on placenames such has Ermesinde, Esposende and Resende where sinde and sende are derived from the Germanic "sinths" military expedition and in the case of Resende, the prefix re comes from Germanic "reths" council. Between the 9th and 13th centuries, Portuguese acquired about words from Arabic by influence of Moorish Iberia. Starting in the 15th century, the Portuguese maritime explorations led to the introduction of many loanwords from Asian languages.

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From the 16th to the 19th centuries, because of the role of Portugal as intermediary in the Atlantic slave trade, and the establishment of large Portuguese colonies in Angola, Mozambique, and Brazil, Portuguese got several words of African and Amerind origin, especially names for most of the animals and plants found in those territories.

While those terms are mostly used in the former colonies, many became current in European Portuguese as well. Finally, it has received a steady influx of loanwords from other European languages. Between and , Portuguese belongs to the West Iberian branch of the Romance languages, and it has special ties with the following members of this group:. Despite the obvious lexical and grammatical similarities between Portuguese and other Romance languages i.

Portuguese speakers will usually need some formal study of basic grammar and vocabulary before attaining a reasonable level of comprehension in the other Romance languages, and vice versa. Portuguese has a larger phonemic inventory than Spanish, and its dialect-varying system of allophony furthers distance even more. That could explain why it is only moderately intelligible to Spanish speakers despite the strong lexical similarity between the two languages; Portuguese speakers have quite a high degree of intelligibility of Spanish though.

Communication is quite good between monolingual Brazilians and Spanish-speaking Latin Americans; between monolingual Portuguese and Spanish-speaking Spaniards the accents can make things a little more challenging.


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However, educated Portuguese and Spaniards can usually understand one another quite well. The closest language to Portuguese is Galician, spoken in the autonomous community of Galicia northwestern Spain. Obras de Machado de Assis: Trio in A Minor. Item s unavailable for purchase.

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