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Contemporary Tourist Experience

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Seller Inventory I Tachizawa et al. Similarly, Anttiroiko et al describe the necessary creative mutuality and cooperation in these systems as more difficult to manage than traditional competitive rivalry. On the other hand, greater complexity in network structures might open up structural holes that can be exploited by businesses. Research in the area of smart tourism remains very limited and mostly provides case studies of existing initiatives.

It also largely focuses on the consumer-perspective and has adopted a very optimistic and uncritical stance. The following discussion points out several key research areas that have to be addressed in order to ensure the successful realization of smart tourism goals. Data lies at the core of all smart tourism activities. Privacy is therefore an obvious concern in the context of smart tourism. Especially location-based services, while extremely useful for tourists, also make consumers vulnerable.

Also, the need for information is so great, that tourists might be easily persuaded to forego privacy Anuar and Gretzel The digital footprint of a smart tourist is huge and opportunities for mining the digital traces left while on vacation or traveling for business are manifold. With it come concerns of being able to identify individuals out of large collections of supposedly anonymous data, automatic capture of data for no concrete purpose, and surveillance under the disguise of service provision. Smart tourism raises big issues with respect to information governance Tallon and correctly deriving the value of information.

The current assumption is that all information is extremely valuable to businesses and will be freely provided by the smart tourists who seek enriched tourism experiences. While smart city concept implementations have forced governments to carefully think about what data they have and in what way it could be made useful, such efforts are not necessarily taking place in businesses.

Therefore, a major area of research necessary in the context of smart tourism is information governance and privacy, with particular questions relating to determining the value of information and ensuring safety and security in rather open and ubiquitous info-structures. Another issue increasingly discussed in the context of smart tourism is the extreme technology-dependence. This has clear implications in terms of a widening digital divide Minghetti and Buhalis for those without smartphones and destinations that cannot afford to build smart tourism infostructures.

But the problem is not only access or affordability: recent developments in the smartwatch market suggest that consumers are only reluctantly adopting this wearable technology Forbes Also, when inspected, this ICT dependence reveals other issues, namely information overload, lack of serendipity that is often essential to meaningful tourism experiences, and an increasing desire to at least escape technology when on vacation Gretzel While research is already being conducted on how technology enhances tourism experiences, there is a clear lack of research focusing on potential drawbacks of too much mediation.

Needing to unlock the power of big data for translation into smart tourism services also raises the issue of human and artificial intelligence necessary to do so. Tourism is not currently a sector that attracts a lot of knowledge workers. It also struggles notoriously with innovation deficiencies despite its strong reliance on ICT Hjalager Human resources issues with respect to smart tourism are not typically discussed.

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Further, smart tourism has a very utopian view of happy collaboration among various actors and a self-regulating ecosystem in which value will be sustainably produced. In addition, as mentioned above, what business models can and should be adopted in this context remains a mystery. Therefore, more research from an organizational and management perspective is needed, as well has conceptual and empirical investigations into the economics of smart tourism. Despite these concerns, smart tourism is an incredibly promising scenario that results in more convenient, safe, exciting and sustainable living spaces for both residents and tourists, more personalized and therefore more relevant tourism experiences, and even greater opportunities for new services, business models and markets to emerge as a result of more flexible structures and different perspectives on value creation.

Werthner et al. From looking at human-computer interaction issues to social dynamics, market structures and industry value chains to informing policy and governance, smart tourism-related research has to fill many gaps to be able to critically inform smart tourism initiatives. Research in connection with design science is further needed to explore the new value creation opportunities supplied by smart tourism and translate them into working ICTs.


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Many of the pillars of the emerging smart tourism economy like Uber or AirBnB are based on simple technological platforms that take advantage of existing technologies to exploit a distinct market niche. These technology-market combinations need to be systematically explored and mapped to support innovation activities. It also becomes very clear that advances in semantic technologies and artificial intelligence are needed to really exploit the various data layers.

Since sustainability is a major concern, the true costs of smart tourism e. Finally, whether smart tourists are actually having better experiences has yet to be empirically investigated. This paper attempted to provide definitional clarity and an overview of the basic assumptions underlying the smart tourism concept. It identified smart destinations, smart business ecosystems and smart experiences as the three basic components supported by layers of data creation, processing and exchange.

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In doing so it established smart tourism as distinct from general e-tourism not only in the core technologies of which it takes advantage but also in the approaches to creating enhanced at-destination experiences. The paper highlighted the strong practical and theoretical grounding in smart city-related conceptualizations and the resulting focus on public service models at the expense of comprehensive and systematic exploration of its business opportunities and implications. It also revealed a lack of critical literature that scrutinizes smart tourism assumptions and questioned its feasibility and positive experiential, economic and societal impacts.

The paper proposed a research agenda, which is far from being comprehensive; rather, it sought to emphasize the currently most overlooked gaps in understanding the potential of smart tourism and its possible drawbacks. Smart tourism development is already under way. In many ways it naturally evolves from the extensive uptake of technology in tourism. However, the systematic and widespread coordination and sharing as well as exploitation of touristic data for value creation is still in its infancy.

Smart tourism initiatives around the world are seeking to build viable smart tourism ecosystems Gretzel et al. Yet, the technology push in the direction of smart tourism is immense and it is expected that tourism will provide the backdrop for pioneering many of these smart technologies. Andrejevic, M. Defining the sensor society. Television and New Media, 16 1 , 19— Anttiroiko, A. Smart cities in the new service economy: building platforms for smart services. AI and Society, 29 3 , — Anuar, F.

Atzori, L. The internet of things: a survey. Computer Networks, 54 15 , — A smart city initiative: the case of Barcelona. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 4 2 , — Benckendorff, P. Tourism information technology. Oxford: CAB International. Bick, M. Value-in-use of mobile technologies. In Back, A.

GEO-32306 Tourist Experiences

Pousttchi, K. Boes, K. Inversini Eds. Heidelberg: Springer. Conceptualising Smart Tourism Destination Dimensions. Buhalis, D. Pearson Education. Smart Tourism Destinations. Tussyadiah Eds. Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet—The state of eTourism research.

Tourism Management, 29 4 , — Callon, M. Economic markets as calculative collective devices. Organization Studies, 26 8 , — Dahlander, L. How open is innovation? Research Policy, 39 6 , — Lopez de Avila, A. Fesenmaier, D. Cambridge: CAB International.

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Forbes Gretzel, U. Kien Eds. New York: Peter Lang. Intelligent systems in tourism: a social science perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 38 3 , — Computers in Human Behavior , forthcoming. Guo, Y. The embedding convergence of smart cities and tourism internet of things in China: an advance perspective. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research, 2 1 , 54— SmartSantander: Internet of things research and innovation through citizen participation. Gavras Eds. Harrison, C. Foundations for smarter cities.