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The Colorado River Basin, which supplies water to 40 million people in seven states, is losing water at dramatic rates, and most of the losses are groundwater. That is twice the amount stored in Lake Mead, the largest reservoir in the U. As Jay Famiglietti, a NASA scientist and study co-author wrote here , groundwater made up 75 percent of the water lost in the basin. Farther east, the Ogallala Aquifer under the High Plains is also shrinking because of too much demand. When the Dust Bowl overtook the Great Plains in the s, the Ogallala had been discovered only recently, and for the most part it wasn't tapped then to help ease the drought.

But large-scale center-pivot irrigation transformed crop production on the plains after World War II, allowing water-thirsty crops like corn and alfalfa for feeding livestock.

Water Supply-The Present Practice of Sinking and Boring Wells 1885

But severe drought threatens the southern plains again, and water is being unsustainably drawn from the southern Ogallala Aquifer. The northern Ogallala, found near the surface in Nebraska, is replenished by surface runoff from rivers originating in the Rockies.

But farther south in Texas and New Mexico, water lies hundreds of feet below the surface, and does not recharge. Sandra Postel wrote here last month that the Ogallala Aquifer water level in the Texas Panhandle has dropped by up to 15 feet in the past decade, with more than three-quarters of that loss having come during the drought of the past five years.

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A recent Kansas State University study said that if farmers in Kansas keep irrigating at present rates, 69 percent of the Ogallala Aquifer will be gone in 50 years. This coincides with a nationwide trend of groundwater declines.


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  • A study of 40 aquifers across the United States by the U. Geological Survey reports that the rate of groundwater depletion has increased dramatically since , with almost 25 cubic kilometers six cubic miles of water per year being pumped from the ground. This compares to about 9. Scarce groundwater supplies also are being used for energy. A recent study from CERES, an organization that advocates sustainable business practices, indicated that competition for water by hydraulic fracturing—a water-intensive drilling process for oil and gas known as "fracking"—already occurs in dry regions of the United States.

    The February report said that more than half of all fracking wells in the U. Satellites have allowed us to more accurately understand groundwater supplies and depletion rates. GRACE has given us an improved picture of groundwater worldwide, revealing how supplies are shrinking in several regions vulnerable to drought: northern India , the North China Plain, and the Middle East among them.

    As drought worsens groundwater depletion, water supplies for people and farming shrink , and this scarcity can set the table for social unrest. Saudi Arabia, which a few decades ago began pumping deep underground aquifers to grow wheat in the desert, has since abandoned the plan, in order to conserve what groundwater supplies remain, relying instead on imported wheat to feed the people of this arid land.

    Managing and conserving groundwater supplies becomes an urgent challenge as drought depletes our surface supplies. Because groundwater is a common resource —available to anyone with well—drilling equipment-cooperation and collaboration will be crucial as we try to protect this shrinking line of defense against a future of water scarcity. Dennis Dimick grew up on a hilly Oregon farm named Spring Hill, where groundwater from a spring provided his family's—and the farm's—water supply. You can follow him on Twitter, Instagram , and flickr. The National Geographic Society supports a project to restore freshwater ecosystems.

    You can find out more about Change the Course here , and how by pledging to reduce your own water footprint you can restore 1, gallons of water to the Colorado River. Read Caption. When it's gone, the real crisis begins. By Dennis Dimick , National Geographic.