Manual The Ethical Foundations of Marxism (RLE Marxism): Volume 3 (Routledge Library Editions: Marxism)

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THE ETHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF MARXISM Eugene Kamenka ROUTLEDGE R ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: MARXISM Volume 3 THE ETHICAL.
Table of contents

• Karl Marx, the Perennial Prophet
• References
• Socialism and Marxism - Bibliography - PhilPapers
• Cyber-Marx : cycles and circuits of struggle in high technology capitalism
• Keynes and the Ethics of Socialism

Simultaneously, there is always a risk for anachronism when conducting a textual analysis on historical material. Despite this fact, disability is used here as a unifying concept to depict some sort of limitation concerning activity and participation based on bodily function in relation to the surrounding environment e.

Gustavsson One important element in the writing and philosophy of Marx is that his work and theory not only addressed the economic system, historical changes and the structure of the social order as such. It also entailed fundamental ideas concerning the nature and essence of man, 3 and what actually constitutes and distinguishes man as a creature. Indeed, in the context of Capital , the crucial dimension was that of creativity.

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As noted by Marx, the ideal man was not just a passive observant in the world, but someone who responded to the world by interpreting it and then using his or her capacity in a certain direction. In other words, the true essence of man was constituted by a process that intertwined cognitive factors with the physical, in which a mental image was materialized. The ideal man therefore stood in relation to labour.

Karl Marx, the Perennial Prophet

To reach the ideal state of man, an individual had to go through a number of phases. Firstly, man had to become aware of needs and how these could be met. Secondly, man must create a mental image of what was to be constructed; and thirdly, the product had to be constructed based on those creative and abstract thoughts. In this process, man must move beyond what is immediately given to an imaginary world that is still not there, but yet to come. In other words, the ideal and normal man must be equipped with the ability to think abstractly.

But for the majority of people in a capitalistic system, Marx stressed, activity is devoted not to this kind of innovations but to survival and reproduction.

• Out of the frame: disability and the body in the writings of Karl Marx?
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The rationality of the system could sometimes take unexpected turns. In other words, a cognitive disability could be used by the system in order to preserve and strengthen it. Still, the disability inspired rhetoric illustrated above underlines how Marx pictured disability as something negative and out of the normal. The ideal man is someone who has the capacity to coordinate certain cognitive and physiological abilities.

To be normal is to be an active creature, not a passive observer. He also identified capitalism as a producer of disability as such. Since production was differentiated with various activities, the physical outcome in terms of disabilities varied along these lines. Thus, Marx presented a more complex scene that related infirmity and disability to certain types of activities and groups. Notable is also how Marx used statements from workers to illuminate how bad working environments created fears of damaged bodies leading to unemployment Marx , Marx , This in turn indicates that Marx saw a higher risk of mental disorders among women due to their constitution and how it reacted to the factory environment.

References

Concurrently, Marx also observed how the Western societies were in the process of ongoing degeneration. Based on commissioner reports, Marx showed how bodily functions and the constitutions of the working people were continuously deteriorating.

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Hughes In sum, according to Marx, capitalism and disability is highly connected. For Marx, the notion of normality was not the same thing, but related to the distinctive premises of various categories and contexts. As reported by Marx the capitalist society consisted of three classes: the wage-labourers, the capitalists and the landowners Marx , Second, orphans and pauper children. These are candidates for the industrial reserve army […]. For instance, he pictured them as incapable, based on weak economic resources, to make use of the legal system to enforce their rights, which underlines his ideas of how various factors coincided when it came to disability.

One way to handle disability in Britain in the s was through the legal system, something that Marx rejected as wishful thinking. Thus, it was not, as recognized by Marx, given that the evolution of society meant a continuing improvement for people with disabilities.

Socialism and Marxism - Bibliography - PhilPapers

Rather, it was the character of economic obstacles that changed. Put in another way, the overthrowing of the oppressive system presupposed strong social forces coming together and Marx highlighted the consciousness of the working class as critical. Words like these are interesting since they underline not only the idea that the organization of society could be changed by the conscious, collective actions of those with inferior positions, but also that the agents of change were formed by their active position within the system of production, which excluded parts of the population from that process.

Clearly his utopia was influenced by the medical and natural science of his day, which further highlighted bodily normality in his diagnosis of society. For Marx, the notion of normality to some extent coincided with his own societal theory, and becomes a part of his rhetoric — disability as a proof of a failing system. Man was not homogenous in terms of bodily functions, and he recognized, for instance, that disability and children was a growing phenomenon.

The outcome was not given, but depended on which group was made visible. Thus, bringing disability into the analysis problematizes earlier research on Marx and the body in relation to activity and production. In this case, people with disabilities faced a higher risk of exclusion. Since the capitalistic system in the nineteenth century moved the majority of the population farther away from the ideal man, the distance to people with limited body functions, on a theoretically level, decreased, which might suggest an idea in Marx that people with disabilities were both deviants and closer to the majority at the same time.

On the other hand, his thinking was, from a disability perspective, rather categorical. If you end up in a certain category you are likely to stay there. Between the requirements and capacities, the body was defined. This underlines how notions of normality shift depending on how the society as a whole is being organized cf. Goodley For Marx, having a disability meant being poor. In other words, devaluation and vulnerability was, according to Marx, a consequence of how the capitalist system worked, which underlines an idea of how societal structures shape relations and roles.

To a high extent, Marx seems to exclude people with disabilities from the regular working class. Since they belonged to a residual category, they were also less likely to experience the kind of class consciousness that Marx saw as a precondition for social action. For instance, on what grounds can people with disabilities develop a class consciousness that shapes a class for itself cf. Harvey ; Worsley ? What is the interest and conflict that binds a group together?

Who are the exploiters and the exploited?

Cyber-Marx : cycles and circuits of struggle in high technology capitalism

How and on what premises do the actors involved change through history? Even though an in-depth discussion concerning disability theory is beyond the scope of this article, the question of how the body and the society is related therefore remains a challenge for any approach that claims its Marxist origins. For Marx, disability was to some extent an anomaly, something out of the frame that did not quite fit his overall theory of social change or his utopian vision. Materialism is an elusive, and not necessarily a Marxist, concept that, unlike idealistic philosophy, focuses on material conditions e.

Even though it has been disputed, theorists also stress ontological and epistemological links between critical realism and Marxism for a discussion, see Brown, Fleetwood, and Roberts ; Jessop Here I am using man in the sense that Marx used it, but referring to humankind.

Keynes and the Ethics of Socialism

I would like to thank my anonymous referees, and Professor Mary McCall, at Samuel Merritt University, for comments and suggestions in relation to the manuscript. His research interests are focused on cultural anaysis and social policy in relation to disability. Abberley, P. Armer, B. Barnes, C. Oliver, and L. Benton, T. Bhaskar, R. Brown, A.

Fleetwood, and J. Coburn, D. Collyer, F. Finkelstein, V. The Health and Welfare Heritage. The Social Model of Disability Repossessed. Manchester Coalition of Disabled People. Foucault, M. History of Madness. Goodley, D. Hughes, and L. Gustavsson, A. Hahn, H. Harvey, D.