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Arthritis is a common condition that causes pain and inflammation in a joint. In the UK, around 10 million people have arthritis. It affects people of all ages.
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- 6 Common Conditions With Expensive Medications
- Find a disease or condition by its first letter
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- 20 Most Common Medical Conditions Affecting Older People
Treatment for medical emergencies must be provided promptly, often through an emergency department or, in less critical situations, through an urgent care facility. Epidemiology is the study of the factors that cause or encourage diseases. Some diseases are more common in certain geographic areas, among people with certain genetic or socioeconomic characteristics, or at different times of the year. Epidemiology is considered a cornerstone methodology of public health research, and is highly regarded in evidence-based medicine for identifying risk factors for disease.
In the study of communicable and non-communicable diseases, the work of epidemiologists ranges from outbreak investigation to study design, data collection and analysis including the development of statistical models to test hypotheses and the documentation of results for submission to peer-reviewed journals. Epidemiologists also study the interaction of diseases in a population, a condition known as a syndemic.
Epidemiologists rely on a number of other scientific disciplines such as biology to better understand disease processes , biostatistics the current raw information available , Geographic Information Science to store data and map disease patterns and social science disciplines to better understand proximate and distal risk factors.
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Epidemiology can help identify causes as well as guide prevention efforts. In studying diseases, epidemiology faces the challenge of defining them. Especially for poorly understood diseases, different groups might use significantly different definitions. Without an agreed-on definition, different researchers may report different numbers of cases and characteristics of the disease. Some morbidity databases are compiled with data supplied by states and territories health authorities, at national levels [28] [29] or larger scale such as European Hospital Morbidity Database HMDB [30] which may contain hospital discharge data by detailed diagnosis, age and sex.
Disease burden is the impact of a health problem in an area measured by financial cost, mortality, morbidity, or other indicators. There are several measures used to quantify the burden imposed by diseases on people. The years of potential life lost YPLL is a simple estimate of the number of years that a person's life was shortened due to a disease. For example, if a person dies at the age of 65 from a disease, and would probably have lived until age 80 without that disease, then that disease has caused a loss of 15 years of potential life.
YPLL measurements do not account for how disabled a person is before dying, so the measurement treats a person who dies suddenly and a person who died at the same age after decades of illness as equivalent. In , the World Health Organization calculated that million years of potential life were lost to premature death. The quality-adjusted life year QALY and disability-adjusted life year DALY metrics are similar, but take into account whether the person was healthy after diagnosis.
In addition to the number of years lost due to premature death, these measurements add part of the years lost to being sick.
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Unlike YPLL, these measurements show the burden imposed on people who are very sick, but who live a normal lifespan. In , the World Health Organization calculated that 1. How a society responds to diseases is the subject of medical sociology. A condition may be considered a disease in some cultures or eras but not in others.
6 Common Conditions With Expensive Medications
Sickness confers the social legitimization of certain benefits, such as illness benefits, work avoidance, and being looked after by others. The person who is sick takes on a social role called the sick role. A person who responds to a dreaded disease, such as cancer , in a culturally acceptable fashion may be publicly and privately honored with higher social status.
As a comparison, consider pregnancy , which is not interpreted as a disease or sickness, even if the mother and baby may both benefit from medical care. Most religions grant exceptions from religious duties to people who are sick. For example, one whose life would be endangered by fasting on Yom Kippur or during Ramadan is exempted from the requirement, or even forbidden from participating.
People who are sick are also exempted from social duties.
Find a disease or condition by its first letter
For example, ill health is the only socially acceptable reason for an American to refuse an invitation to the White House. The identification of a condition as a disease, rather than as simply a variation of human structure or function, can have significant social or economic implications. The controversial recognitions as diseases of repetitive stress injury RSI and post-traumatic stress disorder also known as " Soldier's heart ", " shell shock ", and "combat fatigue" has had a number of positive and negative effects on the financial and other responsibilities of governments, corporations and institutions towards individuals, as well as on the individuals themselves.
The social implication of viewing aging as a disease could be profound, though this classification is not yet widespread. Lepers were people who were historically shunned because they had an infectious disease, and the term "leper" still evokes social stigma. Fear of disease can still be a widespread social phenomenon, though not all diseases evoke extreme social stigma. Social standing and economic status affect health. Diseases of poverty are diseases that are associated with poverty and low social status; diseases of affluence are diseases that are associated with high social and economic status.
Which diseases are associated with which states varies according to time, place, and technology. Some diseases, such as diabetes mellitus , may be associated with both poverty poor food choices and affluence long lifespans and sedentary lifestyles , through different mechanisms. The term lifestyle diseases describes diseases associated with longevity and that are more common among older people. For example, cancer is far more common in societies in which most members live until they reach the age of 80 than in societies in which most members die before they reach the age of An illness narrative is a way of organizing a medical experience into a coherent story that illustrates the sick individual's personal experience.
People use metaphors to make sense of their experiences with disease. The metaphors move disease from an objective thing that exists to an affective experience. The most popular metaphors draw on military concepts: Disease is an enemy that must be feared, fought, battled, and routed. The patient or the healthcare provider is a warrior, rather than a passive victim or bystander. The agents of communicable diseases are invaders; non-communicable diseases constitute internal insurrection or civil war.
Because the threat is urgent, perhaps a matter of life and death, unthinkably radical, even oppressive, measures are society's and the patient's moral duty as they courageously mobilize to struggle against destruction. The War on Cancer is an example of this metaphorical use of language. Another class of metaphors describes the experience of illness as a journey: The person travels to or from a place of disease, and changes himself, discovers new information, or increases his experience along the way.
He may travel "on the road to recovery" or make changes to "get on the right track" or choose "pathways". Some metaphors are disease-specific. Slavery is a common metaphor for addictions : The alcoholic is enslaved by drink, and the smoker is captive to nicotine. Some cancer patients treat the loss of their hair from chemotherapy as a metonymy or metaphor for all the losses caused by the disease.
Some diseases are used as metaphors for social ills: "Cancer" is a common description for anything that is endemic and destructive in society, such as poverty, injustice, or racism. AIDS was seen as a divine judgment for moral decadence, and only by purging itself from the "pollution" of the "invader" could society become healthy again.
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Victims of the disease were portrayed in literature as having risen above daily life to become ephemeral objects of spiritual or artistic achievement. In the 20th century, after its cause was better understood, the same disease became the emblem of poverty, squalor, and other social problems. Medical sign Symptom Syndrome. Medical diagnosis Differential diagnosis Prognosis. Disease Eponymous disease Acronym or abbreviation. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 December For other uses, see Disease disambiguation.
For the film, see Maladies film. It is not to be confused with Aliment. For the Transformers character, see Flareup Transformers. See also: Exacerbation. Main article: nosology. See also: Cause medicine and Transmission medicine. Main article: Preventive medicine. Main article: Therapy. Main article: Epidemiology. Medicine portal Biology portal. Cryptogenic disease , a disease whose cause is currently unknown Developmental disability , severe, lifelong disabilities attributable to mental or physical impairments Environmental disease Host-pathogen interaction List of incurable diseases Mitochondrial disease Plant pathology Rare disease , a disease that affects very few people Sociology of health and illness Syndrome Philosophy of medicine.
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Archived from the original on 27 October Retrieved 6 November Archived from the original on 17 December Retrieved 7 December Archived from the original on 28 May Retrieved 18 April Archived from the original on 25 October Retrieved 12 November Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers.
Retrieved 6 November — via medical-dictionary. Neurosci Biobehav Rev.
Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. Brain Behav Immun.
20 Most Common Medical Conditions Affecting Older People
AMA Style Insider. American Medical Association. Retrieved 20 August Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th ed. Retrieved 20 November Archived from the original on 15 August Retrieved 16 August The reason: Nobody knows the cause, though heredity plays a role, as does a drop in iron levels and the level of dopamine in the brain. Certain medications, including antidepressants and antihistamines, can trigger symptoms — even if you've been taking them for some time with no ill effects. Some chronic diseases, like diabetes and peripheral neuropathy, also can play a role.