leondumoulin.nl: The Theory of Sex Allocation. (MPB), Volume 18 (Monographs in Population Biology) (): Eric Charnov: Books.
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- Eric L. Charnov - Publications
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- Monographs in Population Biology
- A SALON WHERE CREATIVITY
- Monographs in Population Biology
- The Theory of Sex Allocation - Eric L. Charnov - Google Books.
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Cross-fostering was performed using the established protocol Taggart Young were weighed g , sexed via visual inspection of genital region , micro-chipped, assigned to one of the five treatment groups and reattached to teats. Following cross-fostering, females were transported to the University of Western Australia's Native Animal Facility where they were housed in six replicate naturally vegetated outdoor enclosures, with treatments spread among enclosures, supplemented with ad libitum Kangaroo cubes Glen Forrest Stockfeeders, Western Australia , mixed vegetables and water.
Prior to release into their new enclosures, females were examined to ensure pouch young had successfully reattached to the teat.
Monographs in Population Biology
We measured offspring survival and body size at weaning November , approx. We additionally measured maternal body mass and condition see below over the course of lactation. Maternal condition index MCI was calculated as the residuals from a regression between maternal mass MM and pes length both variables log-transformed.
The influence of MM and MCI at cross-fostering on offspring sex was examined with separate logistic regressions. To determine which factors affected weaning success weaned or failed we performed logistic model selection using stepwise elimination. Significance of each variable was assessed by likelihood ratio tests of the difference in deviance of the model with and without a variable.
A SALON WHERE CREATIVITY
A significant treatment effect would be revealed by a significant interaction term. Weaning success was Although weaning success of male offspring was more strongly influenced than that of a female offspring by the sex of offspring originally produced by a mother, neither the interaction term i. Analysis of deviance in logistic regression for the probability that a mother will wean an offspring. MM, maternal mass at time of swapping; MCI, maternal condition index at time of swapping; BS, offspring sex birthed by a mother; FS, offspring sex fostered by a mother.
At 1 year of age, males were significantly larger than females in body size but not body mass, but the sex birthed by the mother and its interaction with foster sex had no influence on these measures 1 year pes: The present study provides experimental evidence that female tammar wallabies with greater investment ability give birth to more sons.
This study is, to our knowledge, the first to employ manipulations of offspring sex in mammals and find support for adaptive condition-dependent sex allocation. Importantly, by cross-fostering offspring according to sex, the relationship between birth sex and weaning success was disassociated.
In correlative studies, higher weaning success of sons cannot be attributed definitively to maternal rearing ability or male survivability.
Monographs in Population Biology
Here, the higher weaning success for mothers that birthed sons occurred in both male and female foster young, thus is clearly attributed to maternal investment during lactation. The role of maternal investment ability was not reflected in relationships between MM or condition and offspring sex. Maternal condition at fertilization may be more closely linked to offspring sex than our measures at cross-fostering Cameron Cross-fostering occurred as much as a full year after fertilization tammar wallabies exhibit embryonic diapause; Rudd However, maternal investment in our study was not linked to changes in capital resources i.
Instead, an unmeasured component of female quality e. Here, we use cross-fostering methodologies to demonstrate that reproductive females allocate to offspring sex according to a measure of maternal investment ability that is not apparent when examining maternal morphological condition during lactation.
Examining milk components in females birthing daughters and sons may provide some insight into the mechanisms of maternal investment ability.
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We did not find convincing evidence for the main assumption of the TWH—that the fitness of sons depends more than the fitness of daughters on maternal investment ability. Survival to weaning in sons appeared to be more strongly influenced than in daughters by maternal investment ability; however, this effect was not significant.
We suspect that this was owing to insufficient sample sizes and plan to extend the study with a large field experiment in tammar wallabies. Alternatively, a sex-specific effect of maternal investment ability on offspring lifetime fitness may have been masked by our benign captive conditions, or may exist in components not measured in this study e. The study presented here is, to our knowledge, the first to test the adaptive basis of sex allocation in mammals using cross-fostering techniques prior to most maternal investment Koskela et al.
It illustrates the profound utility of this experimental technique by providing support for condition-dependent sex allocation that could not have been gained with correlative analysis.
Moreover, the study highlights the advantage that marsupials provide for the study of sex allocation owing to the ability to cross-foster early in maternal investment. Financial support provided to K. We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail.
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