Handbook of Minerals as Nutritional Supplements (Modern Nutrition Science)

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For Instructors Request Inspection Copy. We provide complimentary e-inspection copies of primary textbooks to instructors considering our books for course adoption. Learn More about VitalSource Bookshelf. CPD consists of any educational activity which helps to maintain and develop knowledge, problem-solving, and technical skills with the aim to provide better health care through higher standards.

It could be through conference attendance, group discussion or directed reading to name just a few examples. We provide a free online form to document your learning and a certificate for your records. Already read this title? Please accept our apologies for any inconvenience this may cause. Add to Wish List. Toggle navigation Additional Book Information. Description Table of Contents. Features Discusses positive and negative interactions between mineral supplements Describes what actual evidence exists for the need to supplement minerals in various disease states Scrutinizes popular claims for the value of nutrition supplements that have no direct research support Summary Mineral supplements are receiving a great deal of attention and experiencing a tremendous period of growth.


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Despite their popularity, questions continue to arise regarding the research behind their claims, the efficacy of different forms, and their overall safety. It is critical for the health care community and the general public to have an unbiased source of authoritative information. Handbook of Minerals as Nutritional Supplements provides a comprehensive presentation and interpretation of the current state of research on various mineral supplements.

Safe intake levels vary widely from nutrient to nutrient and may vary with the age and health of the individual. In addition, high-dosage vitamin and mineral supplements can interfere with the normal metabolism of other nutrients and with the therapeutic effects of certain drugs. The Recommended Dietary Allowances represent the best currently available assessment of safe and adequate intakes and serve as the basis for the U. Recommended Daily Allowances shown on many product labels. There are no demonstrated benefits of self supplementation beyond these allowances ADA, , p.

In addition, the American Academy of Pediatrics has stated that dietary supplements are not necessary for properly nourished and healthy children AAP, This committee agrees with the positions these organizations have taken on dietary supplements. It also agrees with Dodds that professionally trained nutritionists from accredited institutions of higher education, along with physicians and registered dietitians, should offer the public responsible recommendations on supplement use.

Turn recording back on. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. The evidence accumulated over the past 20 years from these studies, as well as those mentioned above, conclusively demonstrates that dietary supplem ent use is popular in the United States. The Elderly The elderly might be expected to take dietary supplements in an attempt to prevent or cure chronic disease, to treat the symptoms of aging, or to prolong life. Children There is relatively little information on dietary supplement use by children.

Health Professionals Several studies suggest that supplement use is common among health professionals—a group likely to argue that nutrient needs can and should be met from foods. Nutrient Adequacy and Supplement Use The above review of survey data and other studies indicate that dietary supplementation is usually related to subjective perceptions of health, well-being, and balanced diets and to beliefs about food, vitamins, and minerals Worsley, Adults Bowerman and Harrill analyzed the 3-day dietary records of adults living in Colorado and found no major differences in mean dietary intake among users and nonusers.

The Elderly Several studies of elderly populations indicated that dietary supplement users consumed more nutrients from food than did nonusers Garry et al. Evidence Associating Dietary Supplements with Chronic Diseases Supplements are often taken in high doses with the aim of preventing or treating various health problems or promoting longevity. Cancer Vitamin A In one case-comparison study, low doses of vitamin A supplements were found to be associated with a lowered risk of cancer Smith and Jick, Calcium Lipkin and Newmark conducted a pilot study of the effect of calcium supplements on proliferation of colonic cells in patients considered to be at increased risk for colon cancer.

Zinc Zinc intake from food and supplements was assessed in one case-control study of cancer. Coronary Heart Disease Vitamin E An initial report Vogelsang and Shute, of dramatic improvement in angina pectoris patients taking large doses of vitamin E was not confirmed in four placebo-controlled clinical trials Anderson and Reid, ; Donegan et al. Vitamin C Spittle found that in healthy people under 25 years of age, cholesterol levels tended to fall with the addition of 1 g of vitamin C to their normal diets.

Calcium Most intervention studies in which calcium supplements were used demonstrate a mild short-term reduction in blood pressure in certain normotensive and hypertensive subjects Belizan et al. Zinc Supplementation of the diet of 12 adult men with more than 10 times the RDA of zinc in the presence of normal levels of copper for 5 weeks led to a significant decrease in HDL cholesterol but no change in total cholesterol Hooper et al. Chromium The evidence is contradictory as to whether chromium supplementation affects blood lipoproteins in a favorable manner.

Osteoporosis It is not known whether calcium supplements, commonly consumed by women in the United States, are useful in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Other Diseases Vitamin C is widely purported to help prevent or treat the common cold, as originally hypothesized by Linus Pauling Nutrient Toxicities Excess vitamin and mineral consumption is associated with numerous acute adverse health effects. Vitamin A Toxicity has been observed in people who have either chronically or acutely consumed more than 10 times the RDA. Vitamin B 6 In , Schaumburg and colleagues reported on seven people who developed ataxia and sensory neuropathy after taking 2 to 6 g of pyridoxine daily for 2 to 40 months.

Calcium No adverse effects have been seen in healthy persons consuming up to 2, mg of calcium per day Avioli, Summary In summary, to date there is no evidence that low levels of dietary supplements adversely affect the general population. Additional Concerns Health professionals are also concerned about the public's use of dietary supplements for reasons other than the potential risks to health from nutrient overdoses. Legal Status Because supplements are considered to be foods and not drugs, there are few regulations governing their availability and sale in the United States.

Committee Conclusions In the United States, dietary supplement use is widespread, especially among adults whose diets more closely meet the RDAs, women, and educated, higher-income whites. Supplement usage may be indicated in some circumstances including: Women with excessive menstrual bleeding may need to take iron supplements.

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Some vegetarians may not be receiving adequate calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin B Directions for Research Investigators should continue to document the extent of dietary supplement use in the U. Such studies should also describe the types and dosages of supplemental nutrients consumed and the reasons people give for using these products. Rigorous criteria need to be developed to enable the scientific community to document, in a more systematic and comprehensive manner, potential benefits as well as toxicities from the use of dietary supplements. An optimal system to monitor the use of dietary supplements should be developed.

Its application would enable the scientific community, regulatory agencies, and the nutrient supplement industry to more effectively study, identify trends in, and evaluate this increasingly common practice. Most attention needs to be focused on further research to answer questions related to the potential benefits and risks from long-term dietary supplement use: Does supplement use affect mortality or general health status?

Does supplement use help to prevent or treat health problems or chronic diseases in the general population or in particular population subgroups?

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By objective measures of need e. What groups might be particularly vulnerable to health risks from the use of supplements? It is important to monitor the health effects from chronic high-dose levels of supplementation. More studies are needed to determine the quality of dietary supplement formulations, e. Vitamin and mineral supplement needs in normal children in the United States. Press release, May 5. Recommendations concerning supplement usage: Vitamin and Mineral Supplements: Chromium metabolism and its role in disease processes in man.

Chromium supplementation of human subjects: A double-blind trial of vitamin E in angina pectoris. Vitamin C and the common cold: PMC ] [ PubMed: The effect on winter illness of large doses of vitamin C.

Handbook of minerals as nutritional supplements 1ed

No effect on serum lipids by moderate and high doses of vitamin C in elderly subjects with low plasma ascorbic acid levels. Shils, editor; and V. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease , 7th ed. Vitamin E supplements and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The safe use of vitamin A: The Nutrition Foundation, New York. Garrera, and R Sibrian. Reduction of blood pressure with calcium supplementation in young adults. Evaluation of commercial multivitamin supplements. Safety of oral intake of vitamin E. More on neuropathy from pyridoxine abuse.

Patterns of vitamin usage in a sample of university students. Nutritional status of children and teenagers in relation to vitamin and mineral use. Nutrient consumption of individuals taking or not taking nutrient supplements. Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Spinal mineral loss in oophorectomized women. Determination by quantitative computed tomography.

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Nutritional and pharmaceutical aspects of calcium supplementation. Excessive intake of zinc impairs immune responses. Use of supplements containing high-dose vitamin A—New York State, Vitamin C prophylaxis in a boarding school. Council on Scientific Affairs. Vitamin preparations as dietary supplements and as therapeutic agents.

Failure of high-dose vitamin C ascorbic acid therapy to benefit patients with advanced cancer. The effect of nutrient toxicities in animals and man: Characteristics of pyridoxine overdose neuropathy syndrome.

The nutrition of a group of apparently healthy aging persons. Public Health Service, U. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. Benefits of Nutritional Supplements. Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, D. Message from the president. Negative results of tocopherol therapy in cardiovascular disease. Nutrient toxicities in animals and man: Diet and nutrition in neurologic disorders. Modem Nutrition in Health and Disease , 7th ed. Polychlorinated biphenyls and p,p'-DDE in encapsulated fish oil supplements. Use of nutritional supplements by family practice patients.

Mortality among health-conscious elderly Californians. The relationship between vitamin C intake, general health practices, and mortality in Alameda County, California. Postmenopausal bone loss is prevented by treatment with low-dosage estrogen with calcium. Megavitamin E supplementation in man. Dietary studies of children from a biracial population: Food and Drug Administration. Consumer Nutrition Knowledge Survey: Nutritional status in a healthy elderly population: What do you do, doctor? Vitamin A and retinoids in health and disease. Relationship between zinc intake, physical activity, and blood levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a healthy elderly population.

Effect of nutrient toxicities in animals: Dietary intake and nutrient supplement use in a Southern California retirement community. Vitamin supplement use in a Southern California retirement community. Current status of chemoprevention in humans. Fortner, editor; and J. Food, supplements, and fortified foods: Comparison of dietary histories in lung cancer cases and controls with special reference to vitamin A.

Effect of calcium supplementation on diastolic blood pressure in young people with mild hypertension. Sorting Out Some Answers. Bull Publishing, Palo Alto, Calif. Use of nutritional supplements in an ambulatory elderly population. Quantitative evaluation of vitamin safety. Acute selenium intoxication in the United States. The effect of tocopherol on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Vitamin and mineral products; revocation of regulations. L, L Visconti, P. Zinc lowers high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels. Prospective trial of oestrogen and calcium in postmenopausal women.


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Effect of nutrient toxicities in animals and man: Accumulation of mercury and other elements by Spirulina Cyanophyceae. Preclinical and clinical toxicity of selected retinoids. Sporn, editor; , A. Roberts, editor; , and D. The Retinoids , Vol. Academic Press, New York. Ascorbic acid for the common cold.

A prophylactic and therapeutic trial. Vitamin and mineral supplement usage by retired citizens. Nutrition and the elderly: Diet and prostatic cancer: Use of medications and vitamin-mineral supplements by children and youths. Dietary supplement and food intake in women of childbearing age. Bone mineral content in women with Colles' fracture: Effect of specific nutrient toxicities in animals and man: Dietary vitamin A and the risk of intraepithelial and invasive cervical neoplasia.

The food of older persons living at home. New concepts in the biology and biochemistry of ascorbic acid. Patterns of nutrient intake among dietary supplement users: Effect of added dietary calcium on colonic epithelial-cell proliferation in subjects at high risk for familial colonic cancer. Comparison of dietary intakes and iron status of vitamin-mineral supplement users and nonusers, aged years. Vitamin E in angina pectoris. Blood pressure response to oral calcium in persons with mild to moderate hypertension.

Vitamin and mineral supplement use in the United States. Nutritional status survey of healthy noninstitutionalized elderly: Vitamin A deficiency and toxicity. Olson, editor; , H. Broquist, editor; , C. Chichester, editor; , W. Darby, editor; , A. Nutrition Reviews' Present Knowledge in Nutrition , 5th ed. The Nutrition Foundation, Washington, D. Vitamin excess and toxicity. Nutritional Toxicology , Vol. Lead in calcium supplements.

High-dose vitamin C versus placebo in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer who have had no prior chemotherapy. PB, Survey Conducted for the U. More Is Not Always Better. Calcium supplementation and postmenopausal bone loss. Recommended Dietary Allowances , 9th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, D.

Vitamin A, retinoids, and carotenoids. Nutritional supplement utilization in an urban family practice center.

Handbook of Minerals as Nutritional Supplements

How to Live Longer and Feel Better. Avon Books, New York. Effects of chromium and yeast supplements on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic men. What characterizes elderly women who overuse vitamin and mineral supplements? Food supplement usage by the elderly. Nutrient and food supplement practices of lacto-ovo vegetarians. Potentially toxic vitamin supplementation practices among adults in seven Western states.

Attitudinal and demographic correlates of food supplementation practices. Vitamin supplement users subgroup comparisons. Nutritional Disorders , Vol. The effect of milk supplements on calcium metabolism, bone metabolism, and calcium balance. Effect of estrogens and calcium carbonate on bone loss in postmenopausal women. Outpatient therapy of essential hypertension with dietary calcium supplementation. Health food users in two Texas cities. Nutritional and socioeconomic implications.

Effect of chromium chloride supplementation on glucose tolerance and serum lipids including high-density lipoprotein of adult men. Comparison with conventional therapy. Does calcium supplementation prevent postmenopausal bone loss? A double-blind, controlled clinical study. Failure of alpha tocopherol to influence chest pain in patients with heart disease.

Effect of nutrient toxicities excess in animals and man: Consumer attitudes and food faddism: Lung cancer risk and vitamin A consumption in New Mexico. Sensory neuropathy from pyridoxine abuse. A new megavitamin syndrome. Food supplement usage in seven Western states. Factors to consider in the selection of a calcium supplement. Use of vitamin-mineral supplements by AFDC children. Dietary vitamin A and risk of cancer in the Western Electric study. Chromium deficiency and cardiovascular risk. Does oral calcium lower blood pressure: Physical activity and calcium modalities for bone mineral increase in aged women.

Cancers among users of preparations containing vitamin A: Vitamin use and vitamin beliefs among students entering medical school. Use of nutritional supplements in a retirement community. Physicians' beliefs about vitamin supplements and a balanced diet. Appropriateness of vitamin and mineral prescription orders for residents of health-related facilities.

Atherosclerosis and vitamin C. Effect of vitamin E on lipids. Resurvey of an aging population—fourteen-year follow-up. Reduction with vitamin A and beta-carotene administration of proportion of micronucleated buccal mucosal cells in Asian betel nut and tobacco chewers.

Dosage form and formulation effects on the bioavailability of vitamin E, riboflavin, and vitamin B 6 from multivitamin preparations. Study on the effect of megavitamin E supplementation in man.

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Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. Continuing Survey of Food Intakes of Individuals. Men Years, 1 Day, Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans , 2nd ed. Effect of inorganic chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance, insulin response, and serum lipids in noninsulin-dependent diabetics.