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Editorial Reviews. From School Library Journal. Gr 5–8—Using the bare bones of the historic Joachim: The Heretic - Kindle edition by M. L. Stainer. Download.
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- Joachim's Magic - M. L. Stainer - كتب Google
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Joachim retired to the hermitage of Pietralata, writing all the while, and then founded the Abbey of Fiore or Flora in the mountains of Calabria. In , Joachim publicly submitted all his writings to the examination of Pope Innocent III , but died before any judgment was passed. The holiness of his life was widely known, and Dante would later affirm that miracles were said to have been wrought at his tomb. In Psalterium decem chordarum he describes a vision of a triangular psaltery with 10 strings, which clarified the mystery of the Trinity for him.
Rather than a cataclysmic end of the world in which the elect alone escape destruction, he envisioned a transformation of the world into a spiritual kingdom centering on the ideal monastic life. The mystical basis of Joachim's teaching is his doctrine of the "Eternal Gospel," founded on an interpretation of the text in Revelation "Then I saw another angel flying in midair, and he had the eternal gospel to proclaim to those who live on the earth—to every nation, tribe, language and people.
No one could learn the song except the , who had been redeemed from the earth.
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These are those who did not defile themselves with women, for they kept themselves pure. By analogy with the Trinity , Joachim believed that history was divided into three fundamental epochs:.
According to Joachim, the Kingdom of the Holy Spirit, a new dispensation of universal love, would proceed from the Gospel but transcend the letter of it. In this new age the ecclesiastical organization would be replaced and the Order of the Just would rule the Church and transform the world. Only in this third age will it be possible to really understand the words of God in its deepest meaning, and not merely literally.
He concluded that this age would begin around based on the Book of Revelation verses and , which mention "one thousand two hundred and sixty days".
After his death Christians acclaimed Joachim as a prophet , a title he himself had refused to acknowledge. Joachim's teachings became highly controversial and had a major impact on the millenialist movements of the thirteenth century and beyond. The Fourth Council of the Lateran in condemned some of his ideas about the nature of the Trinity , but did not declare him a heretic. Gerardo held that, about the year , the spirit of life had gone out of the two Testaments and that Joachim's three books themselves constituted the new "Eternal Gospel. The head of the Franciscans, John of Parma was pressured to resign his post because of his "Joachist" views.
His successor, Saint Bonaventure , repressed the more extreme interpretations of Joachim's teachings. However, echoes of Joachim's ideas can be seen in Bonaventure's writings as well.
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Among the more zealous of the Spiritual Franciscans, an overtly "Joachist" group now arose, many of whom saw the Antichrist already in the world in the person of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. Meanwhile, the failure of the ecclesiastic reform movements led to passionate calls for a return to apostolic poverty among the entire clergy.
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As the appointed year of approached, spurious works began to circulate under Joachim's name: De Oneribus Prophetarum, an Expositio Sybillae et Merlini "Exposition of the Sibyl and Merlin" and commentaries on the prophecies of Jeremiah and Isaiah. Inspired by Jochimist apocalyptic visions, the Dulcinians and Brethren of the Free Spirit went so far as to engage in major violence against church property and wealthy bishops. Finally, Pope Alexander IV formally condemned Joachim's writings and those of Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino, setting up a commission that in the Synod of Arles eventually declared his theories outright heresy.
Thomas Aquinas further criticized his theories in his Summa Theologica. Nevertheless, Jochim's ideas continued to find fertile soil in the minds of many medieval Christians who hoped for reform in the Church and the coming of a new age.
M.L. Stainer
The latter plays a role in the popular Umberto Ecco novel and popular motion picture The Name of the Rose, along with two monks whose past association with the Dulcinians results in their trial and execution for heresy. Traces of his thought have been traced to several movements leading up to the Protestant Reformation and to later writings such as those of Schelling, George Sand , W. Yeats, and D. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards.
This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats. As guides through this crucial stage, Joachim prophesied the advent of two new orders of spiritual men, one of hermits to agonize for the world on the mountaintop and one a mediating order to lead men on to the new spiritual plane.
Joachim's Magic - M. L. Stainer - كتب Google
Although the third age belongs par excellence to contemplatives, secular clergy and laymen are not shut out of it. Joachim was a poet and artist. His lyricism breaks through the biblical exegesis that he chose as his medium and the turgid Latin of his style. Here his vision of the culminating age of history is embodied in trees that flower and bear fruit luxuriantly at the top; his doctrine of the Trinity is expressed in remarkable geometric figures; his kaleidoscopic vision fuses images in some strange shapes, such as the tree that becomes an eagle, which may have influenced Dante.
In his lifetime Joachim was acclaimed as a prophet, gifted with divine illumination, and this is how he was seen by the first chroniclers after his death. The Spiritual Franciscans at midth century and various other friars, monks, and sects down to the 16th century appropriated his prophecy of a third age. But Joachim has always had a double reputation, as saint and as heretic, for cautious Christian thinkers and leaders have seen his writings as highly dangerous.
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The debate as to whether he was orthodox or heretic continues today. Joachim Of Fiore. Info Print Cite. Submit Feedback. Thank you for your feedback.
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Joachim Of Fiore Italian theologian. Written By: Marjorie E. Subscribe today for unlimited access to Britannica. Learn More in these related Britannica articles:.