Somerset Landscapes: Geology and Landforms

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Home accessories minimalist black and white landscape framed painting decorative painting the living wished Quick View Good seller wallpaper. Large black and white landscape framed painting decorative painting simple meter distribution box of wished Quick View Good seller wallpaper. There are three Iron Age hill forts overlooking the gorge, as well as an observatory. The Clifton Suspension Bridge , an icon of Bristol, crosses the gorge.


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The gorge cuts through a ridge mainly of limestone , with some sandstone. However, Bristol was at the southern edge of glaciation during the last ice age , and it has been suggested that ice blocked the river's natural route through Ashton Vale to the west.

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In the 18th century the gorge was quarried to produce building stone for the city. Stone was taken by boat into the floating harbour. In the 19th century celestine was discovered in Leigh Court estate and the Miles family authorised quarrying. The steep walls of the gorge support some rare fauna and flora, including species unique to the gorge. There are a total of 24 rare plant species and two unique trees: The gorge is also home to rare invertebrate species.

When winds come from the Bristol Channel in the north west they may be funnelled into the gorge, creating harsh and wet conditions. The steep gorge walls make an ideal habitat for peregrine falcons , with a plentiful supply of food nearby in the form of pigeons and sea gulls. Peregrines have a history of nesting in the gorge, but having become rare in the British Isles they did not breed and were rarely seen in the gorge after the s. In Peregrines returned to the gorge, and have successfully bred in most of the following years.

The gorge also houses large populations of Jackdaw and horseshoe bats , both of which find homes in the caves and bridge buttresses. Due to its geology and ecology, an area of The Downs on the city side of the gorge are owned by Bristol City Council and managed as a large public park.

Green-flowered helleborine is found on the western side of the gorge, in a wooded area next to the towpath below Leigh Woods. The gorge area was inhabited at least as early as the Iron Age , probably by the Dobunni tribe. In Leigh Woods above Nightingale Valley, a steep dry valley beside the suspension bridge, is Stokeleigh Camp , one of three Iron Age hill forts in the area.

The third hill fort was situated on the opposite side of the gorge, in what is now observatory green. Archaeology, plus the configuration of the three forts, suggest they played a role in defending the gorge. During the Middle Ages and industrial revolution the area which now forms The Downs was used as common grazing land. It was mined for lead, calamine , iron and limestone, and became home to a windmill which produced snuff from the tobacco which had become one of the city's principal imports.

Mansion houses were built overlooking the gorge, but after grazing was stopped, trees grew and obscured the view from these mansions.

Avon Gorge

In the Victorian era, with houses creeping further onto the Downs, an Act of Parliament was passed to protect them as a park for the people of Bristol. Throughout Bristol's history the gorge has been an important transport route, carrying the River Avon, major roads and two railways. It is the gateway to Bristol Harbour , and provided protection against storms or attack.

Several vessels have grounded in the gorge including the SS Demerara soon after her launch in , the schooner Gipsy in , the steam tug Black Eagle in and the Llandaff City. If ships were not of stout construction then they would simply break up as the tide receded, hence the phrase. A railway, the Bristol Port Railway , was built through the gorge on the east side from Hotwells to Avonmouth between and The Portishead Railway was opened on the west side in The section of the Bristol Port Railway between Hotwells and Sneyd Park junction was closed in , when construction of a major road through the gorge, the Portway , was started.

The Portway was opened in The road is now part of the A4 road , linking Bristol city centre to the M5 motorway , which bypasses the city near Avonmouth. Two railways still run through the gorge. On the east side the Severn Beach Line to Avonmouth and Severn Beach uses the remaining part of the Bristol Port Railway through part of the gorge, and through a tunnel under the Downs. On the west side the Portishead Railway was closed by the Beeching Axe in the s, but has now been reopened for freight traffic as far as Royal Portbury Dock , 2.

A footpath and National Cycle Network cycleway run alongside the Portishead Railway and along the old towpath. The gorge's proximity to the urban population of Bristol made it a popular venue for rock climbing from the s [35] - a time when most UK climbing was centred in mountain areas. The first guide to climbing routes in Avon Gorge was published in by the University of Bristol Mountaineering Club.

Avon Gorge is often criticised as being so over-climbed many of the routes are "polished" [38].