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Main Author: Kerney, [Martin Joseph], [from old catalog]. Language(s​): English. Published: Baltimore, J. Murphy & co., Subjects: History.
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He says, "To call a comprehensive treatment of one subject an "encyclopaedia" is a catachresis known already in medieval China, where the term leishu , properly a collection of classical texts on many fields, came to be applied to similar treatments of one subject only, for instance the use of jade".

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Chinese scholar-bureaucrats compiled about leishu traditional Chinese "encyclopedias" between the 3rd and 18th centuries. About of these are extant today, and are still used by historians. Some leishu were huge publications. Although most scholars consider the CE Huanglan see below to be the first Chinese leishu encyclopedia. The c. Although its content is "encyclopedic", the text was compiled to show rulers and ministers how to govern well, and was not intended to be a comprehensive summary of knowledge. It explained imperial genealogies , the origins of surnames , and records of legendary and historical inventors.

Shortly after the fall of the Han dynasty, the first true Chinese leishu encyclopedia appeared. An important new type of leishu encyclopedia appeared in the early Tang dynasty — , after the administration made the imperial examination obligatory for all applicants into government service.

Unlike earlier Chinese encyclopedias such as the Huanglan that were intended to provide information for rulers and government officials, these new anthologies were intended for scholars who were trying to enter into government, and provided general information, and especially literary knowledge about the classics.

A Compendium of Ancient and Modern Historical Geography. by Mr. de Lansge.

Specialized encyclopedias were another innovation during the Tang period. The Golden Age of encyclopedia writing began with the Song dynasty — , "when the venerated past became the general standard in Chinese thought for almost one whole millennium". First, the Taiping Guangji "Extensive Records of the Taiping Era" was a collection of about 7, stories selected from over classic texts from the Han to the Song dynasties. Second, the Taiping Yulan "Imperial Reader of the Taiping Era" anthologized citations from 2, different texts, ranging from poetry, proverbs, and steles to miscellaneous works.

Third, the Wenyuan Yinghua "Finest Blossoms in the Garden of Literature" , quotes from many literary genres, dating from the Liang dynasty to the Five Dynasties era. Li Fang began compilation in while Wang Qinruo and others finished in It comprises quotes from political essays, biographies, memorials, and decrees. Another notable Song leishu encyclopedia was the polymath Shen Kuo 's Mengxi Bitan "Dream Pool Essays" , which covers many realms of the humanities and natural sciences. The Ming dynasty period — was, in comparison with the Song period, of less significance for the history of Chinese encyclopedias.

However, the Yongle Emperor commissioned compilation of the Yongle Encyclopedia , which was a collection of excerpts from works in philosophy, history, arts, and sciences—and the world's largest encyclopedia at the time. This early illustrated encyclopedia comprised articles on many subjects including history, astronomy, geography, biology, and more, including a very accurate Shanhai Yudi Quantu world map. The Wubei Zhi "Treatise on Armament Technology" is the most comprehensive military encyclopedia in Chinese history.

A Compendium of Ancient and Modern History by M. J. Kerney, Paperback | Barnes & Noble®

Song Yingxing 's Tiangong Kaiwu "Exploitation of the Works of Nature" was an illustrated encyclopedia of science and technology, and notable for breaking from Chinese tradition by rarely quoting earlier works. The last great leishu encyclopedias were published during the Qing dynasty — This colossal collection contained some million Chinese characters, and remained the world's largest encyclopedia until recently being surpassed by the English Wikipedia.

War and History, Ancient and Modern

The emperor ordered the destruction of 2, books that were considered to be anti-Manchu , but were listed in the Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao annotated catalog. Present-day Chinese encyclopedias—in the common Western sense of "comprehensive reference work covering a wide range of subjects"—include both printed editions and online encyclopedias.

Compendium Ancient Modern Geography

Among printed encyclopedias, the earliest was the The Encyclopaedia Sinica compiled the English missionary Samuel Couling. The Cihai "Sea of Words" is a general-purpose encyclopedic dictionary that covers many fields of knowledge.


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