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Also shown in the example to the upper right, in red, are observations of the surface wind at MetService stations for the same time as the isobars. The "long" part of the wind arrow shows the direction.


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As can be seen, some winds line up nicely with the isobars and others are almost at right angles to them. When isobars enclose an area of high pressure this is called a High or anticyclone and its centre is labelled on a weather map by an 'H'. The term 'anticyclone' is a bit of meteorological jargon.

The central pressure of a weak High is about hPa,while a strong or intense High has a central pressureabove about hPa. An intensifying High has a rising central pressure, while a weakening High has a falling central pressure. Near a High's centre are light winds and sometimes areas of low cloud called anticyclonic gloom. Round the edge of a High, the winds are sometimes strong.

Intense Highs tend to squeeze the isobars together creating areas of strong winds. Winter Highs often bring frost; summer Highs may bring thunderstorms and hail. The bigger Highs are, the slower they tend to move, sometimes 'blocking' the fronts that are trying to follow them. Isobars make shapes and patterns. When they enclose an area of low pressure this is called a 'Low' or 'depression' and its centre is labelled on a weather map with an 'L'. The term depression is a bit of meteorological jargon. A low pressure system is like a giant funnel of wind spiralling inwards and upwards forcing warmish air in the centre to rise.

As air rises it cools and clouds form. The central pressure of a shallow Low is above hPa, of a moderate Low hPa, and of a deep or intense Low below hPa. If there are two or more centres the Low is said to be complex. If the central pressure is rising the Low is said to be filling or weakening. If the central pressure is falling the Low is said to be intensifying or deepening. The satellite picture to the upper right from the satellite GMS-5, courtesy of the Japan Meteorological Agency shows cloud patterns fairly typical of those associated with Highs and Lows.

An air flow originating from a prescribed location warm, cold,moist or dry is called an air-mass. Air-masses are named according to where they have come from and each has its own characteristic temperature and humidity. A front marks the boundary between two air-masses, and appears on the weather map as a line with triangles or semicircles attached.

A cold front is the leading edge of a invading colder air-mass and is marked by a line with triangles pointing to where it is moving. Cold fronts push in underneath the warmer air ahead of them, forcing the warm air upwards and making cloud and areas of rain. The cloud band is usually about 50 to kilometres 30 to nautical miles wide. As a cold front passes by: any rain clears but showers may appear, humidity drops, air temperature usually drops, pressure rises and thewind changes direction.

A warm front is the leading edge of an invasion of warmer air. Its surface position is marked by a line with semicircles pointing to where it is moving. The advancing warm air rises over a zone of retreating cooler air, making a cloud bank that slopes forwards from ground level upwards, often bringing prolonged steady rain. This cloud bank can be to kilometres to nautical miles wide. As a warm front passes by: any rain becomes patchy but humidity remains high, air temperature may rise a little, pressure steadies, and the wind changes direction.

An occluded front or occlusion occurs when a cold front overtakes a warm front, so that all that remains of the original warm air is trapped above, where it cools making dense cloud and rain. It is marked by a line with triangles and semicircles on the same side, pointing to where the front is moving. As an occluded front passes by: any rain becomes patchy, wind eases, the rate of pressure fall may level outbut air temperature does not change much. A stationary front is one which has lost its impetus for movement, so that neither air-mass is making much progress.

It is marked by a line with alternate triangles and semicircles on opposite sides It takes a while for a stationary front to pass by: any rain clears only slowly and temperature and pressure do not changemuch. When isobars make a sharp bend around a Low, this bend area is calleda trough of low pressure or simply a trough.

Troughs are also often shaped like tongues and usually contain weather similar to lows and fronts. Horizontal convergence is the coming together of two flows of air.

When these two flows of air are from different air masses and significant cloud and weather result, the resulting line of convergence is commonly drawn as a front. However, when these two flows of air are in the same air mass and significant cloud and weather result, the weather feature is drawn as a convergence line.

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Convergence lines are only drawn in the tropics. When isobars turn a sharp corner around a High they form what is called a ridge of high pressure, which is often shaped like a tongue extending from the High centre. The weather in a ridge is an extension of the weather in the High. A col is the name for the area of light variable winds that lies between two neighbouring pressure systems. Often this area contains either fog or thunderstorms.

Cold, warm, occluded and stationary fronts A weather map showing:.

How to predict wind direction and strength by reading a weather chart

Be careful not to mistake isobars for the many other lines that can appear on weather maps, such as isotherms lines of equal temperature. Weather fronts appear as different colored lines that extend outward from the pressure center. They mark the boundary where two opposite air masses meet. As seen here, some surface weather maps include groupings of numbers and symbols known as weather station plots. Station plots describe the weather at a station location.

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They include reports of a variety of weather data at that location:. If a weather map has already been analyzed, you'll find little use for the station plot data. But if you'll be analyzing a weather map by hand, station plot data is often the only information you start off with. Having all stations plotted on a map guides you as to where high- and low-pressure systems, fronts, and the like are located, which ultimately helps you decide where to draw them in.

These symbols were established by NOAA for use in weather station plots. They tell what weather conditions are currently happening at that particular station location.

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These symbols are typically only plotted if some type of precipitation is occurring or some weather event is causing reduced visibility at the time of observation. NOAA has also established sky cover symbols to use in station weather plots. In general, the percentage that the circle is filled represents the amount of sky that's covered with clouds. The terminology used to describe cloud coverage—"few," "scattered," "broken," "overcast"—are also used in weather forecasts. Now defunct, cloud type symbols were once used in weather station plots to indicate the cloud type s observed at a particular station location.

Each cloud symbol is labeled with an H, M, or L for the level high, middle, or low where it lives in the atmosphere. The numbers 1—9 tell the priority of the cloud reported. Since there's only room to plot one cloud per level, if more than one cloud type is seen, only the cloud with the highest number priority 9 being highest is plotted.

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Wind direction is indicated by the line that extends out from the station plot sky cover circle. The direction the line points is the direction from which the wind is blowing. Wind speed is indicated by the shorter lines, called "barbs," which extend from the longer line.

The total wind speed is determined by adding together the different sizes of barbs according to the following winds speeds that each represents:.