Guide Health Plus Vol 30

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Also, high carbon number solvents yield a better quality mixing much less asphaltene precipitation , but the mixing process is rather slow. Hence, the understanding of solvent selection criteria for solvent-aided recovery processes has established two main aspects of oil—solvent liquid—liquid interaction: 1 oil—solvent mixture quality and 2 rate of mixture formation. Oil—solvent mixture quality is determined by two parameters: 1 viscosity and 2 asphaltene precipitation. The rate of mixing is quantified by the diffusion rate. Both mixture quality and mixing rate need to be quantitatively and qualitatively determined to select the suitable solvent for heavy-oil recovery.

In addition to this, experiments that measure the solvent diffusion rate and oil recovery into a rock sample saturated with heavy oil at static conditions are needed to support the observations obtained from the liquid—liquid interaction of solvent and oil. Core experiments at different temperatures were performed on Berea sandstone samples using the same solvent—heavy oil pairs to obtain the optimum carbon size solvent type —heavy oil combination that yields the highest recovery factor and the least asphaltene precipitation. On the basis of the fluid—fluid solvent—heavy oil interaction experiments and heavy-oil-saturated rock—solvent interaction tests, the optimal solvent type was determined considering the fastest diffusion and best mixing quality for different oil—solvent combinations.

Complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PAH mixtures separated from a coal tar pitch CP and naphthalene pitch NP by sequential extraction with heptane and toluene were characterized in detail by applying a multiarray analytical approach. Gas chromatography—mass spectrometry GC-MS , size exclusion chromatography SEC , laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry LDI-TOFMS , and thermogravimetry TG were used to relate the volatility and coking yield of pitch components to their solubility and molecular weight distribution.

Spectroscopic analysis, including infrared IR , ultraviolet—visible UV—vis , and fluorescence spectroscopy, proved to be useful for measuring specific features of aromatic systems, such as the aromatic content, degree of aliphatic substitution, and size distribution of PAHs of different molecular weights. In particular, it has been shown that the spectroscopic analysis is an essential tool for characterizing very large PAH systems concentrated in the pitch toluene-insoluble fraction. This fraction constitutes a case study of very large, structurally different aromatic compounds, and it is the pitch fraction more relevant for practical applications because of its higher coking tendency and peculiar optical properties.

Discovery of large shale gas reserves in recent years resulted in the reduction of natural gas price. In order to convert methane in a direct and energy efficient route, nonoxidative catalytic conversion is a potentially attractive option which includes an activation of methane molecules at low temperature. In this work, a noble transition metal, ruthenium, has been chosen as the catalyst with the objective to decrease the methane activation temperature, increase the stability, and also achieve higher conversion than other transition metal catalysts.

The catalyst was prepared as 1.

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The catalyst bed of 3. This could be attributed to the special framework structure in the ZSM-5 catalyst which influenced the formation of cyclic higher hydrocarbon molecules as product after methane is being activated on the surface of the ruthenium metal catalyst. Furthermore, the origin of the lower-temperature activation effect on transition metals was examined with the density functional theory analyses, which suggests that the zeolite structure lowers the activation energies more than the silica structure by inducing more negative charge on C atom of methane.

To fully utilize deoiled end-cut DOE from selective asphaltene extraction process, Venezuela n-pentane DOE was subjected to hydroconversion in an autoclave reactor using tetralin as hydrogen donor.

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The elemental compositions and molecular weights of HAs and HM, along with reaction time, were also analyzed. The average molecular-weight decrease both for HAs and HM confirmed disaggregation and cracking reactions. The molecular composition and transformation of nitrogen and sulfur compounds before and after hydroconversion were determined by negative- and positive-ion electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion-cyclotron—resonance mass spectrometry, respectively.

N1, S1, and O2 classes were dominant in the feedstock. After hydroconversion, N1 and S2 compounds decreased in HAs, indicating that they were reactive species. N1 compounds mainly cracked into small N1 compounds and also condensed into N2 compounds, while S2 compounds generally decomposed into S1 compounds.

Expanding solvent steam assisted gravity drainage ES-SAGD is a hybrid steam—solvent oil recovery process that can be used to extract oil from heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs. It is a variation of the SAGD process in which only steam is used. In ES-SAGD, the mobilization of highly viscous oil is enhanced through a combination of heat and mass transfer processes, which results in significantly reduced volumes of water and natural gas needed to generate the injected steam, making ES-SAGD more energy efficient and environmentally sustainable relative to SAGD.

This study investigates different aspects of ES-SAGD experimentally, based on typical Long Lake reservoir properties and operating conditions, using different concentrations of gas condensate. Furthermore, this study provides phase behavior insights to govern the selection of appropriate solvents for use in ES-SAGD.


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The performance of the gas condensate ES-SAGD cases in this study exceeded that of the baseline SAGD case in terms of oil production rates, energy efficiency, and postproduction water handling. Pressure generally retards oil cracking, as evidenced by reduced gas yields, but the trends depend upon the level of thermal evolution.

Interestingly, the stable carbon isotopic composition of the generated methane becomes enriched in 13C as the pressure increases from to bar. Due to pressure retardation, the isotopically heaviest methane signature does not coincide with the maximum gas yield, contrary to what might be expected. The results suggest that the rates of methane-forming reactions affected by pressure control methane carbon isotope fractionation. The transition in going from dry conditions to normal and supercritical water does not have a significant effect on oil-cracking reactions as evidenced by gold bag hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis results at the same temperatures as used in the pressure vessel.

This study reports a Pickering emulsion flooding system, in which the oil—water interface is structurally stabilized by a complex colloidal layer consisting of silica nanoparticles, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide DTAB , and poly 4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid sodium salt PSS-co-MA.

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The colloidal layer was generated by adsorption of PSS-co-MA on the silica nanoparticles as a result of the van der Waals attraction and by adsorption of DTAB onto the PSS-co-MA layer as a result of the electrostatic attraction, thus providing the mechanically robust, stable interface. To demonstrate a practical applicability to the enhanced oil recovery, the complex colloidal dispersion fluid was injected into the Berea sandstone for a core flooding experiment.

This means that the emulsion drops in situ produced in the core could readily flow through the rock pores. We attribute this to the fact that the oil—water interface made with the complex colloidal phase not only increased the structural stability of the emulsion drops but also provided them deformability without any drop breakup or coalescence. Lignites are promising as feedstocks for producing value-added oxygenated chemicals OCs due to their high contents of oxygen-containing organic species. Two modified lignites were produced from Xiaolongtan lignite and Shengli lignite via sequential ultrasonic extraction and subsequent supercritical methanolysis to produce OCs.

Solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis reveals the differences in carbon skeleton structures and oxygen-functional groups between the two modified lignites. Among the O1—O7 class species, O1—O3 classes are predominant with double bond equivalent values of 1—17 and carbon numbers of 10— The combination of various advanced analytical techniques should be an ideal approach for characterizing valuable OCs in complex coal-derived liquids.

The in situ combustion ISC process has drawn a lot of attention in the field of heavy oils. However, in the case of a light crude oil reservoir, in which low-temperature oxidation LTO is dominant, it is still less well-understood, especially for its reaction mechanism. In this paper, ramped temperature oxidation RTO experiments with different temperature intervals are used to investigate the oxidation reaction behaviors on various distillation pseudo-components from Dagang light crude oil.

Both RTO and isothermal experiments are conducted on the whole crude oil and the sand mixture to obtain the LTO kinetic behaviors.

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Because the LTO reaction incorporates an oxygen atom into petroleum molecules rather than forming high-temperature oxidation HTO products i. The acid number of the crude oil increases with an increasing reaction time and temperature during the LTO as a result of the formation of organic acids. Two pseudo-component distillates were subjected to major oxygen additions as evidenced by oxygen uptake and increases of the acid numbers of oxidation products. We present a highly miniaturized sensor for performing accurate on-chip detection of gas equilibration bubble point pressures in liquids, which is manufactured using low-cost batch microelectromechanical system technology.

The measurement of gas equilibration bubble point pressures in liquids has a diverse spectrum of applications ranging from the oil industry, where the bubble point of a crude oil is important for making informed decisions on production and exploration, to the fisheries industry, where gas saturation needs to be controlled to ensure animal health.

Oilfield measurements of bubble point pressures often require acquisition of large sample volumes that are subsequently investigated off-line in laboratory facilities, with important consequences on both cost and operational response times.

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The present work demonstrates the potential of microelectromechanical system technology to respond to such diverse industry needs by providing an economical solution able to perform in situ real-time monitoring of gas equilibration pressures with significantly reduced equipment size and analysis time. By implementing rapid on-chip local heating using an integrated platinum electrode and subsequently observing the fluid behavior—either microscopically or with embedded thermal conductivity sensors—we show that we can effectively overcome the nucleation barrier and perform highly accurate, repeatable measurements of the bubble point pressure.

However, early breakthrough of air with partial consumption of oxygen as a result of the highly conductive nature of the reservoirs is a concern. Once it is controlled by a proper injection scheme and consumption of air injected through efficient diffusion into the matrix, low-temperature air injection LTAI can be an alternative technique for heavy-oil recovery from deep naturally fractured reservoirs NFRs.

Limited number of studies on light oils showed that this process was highly dependent upon the oxygen diffusion coefficient and matrix permeability. In this process, oil production is governed by drainage and stripping of light oil components, which have a greater effect on recovery than the swelling of oil.

In the present study, static laboratory tests were performed that complement previously published experimental data, by immersing heavy-oil-saturated porous media into air-filled reactors to determine critical parameters on recovery, such as the diffusion coefficient. A data acquisition system was established for continuous monitoring of the pressure at different temperatures.

Also analyzed was the possibility of hydrocarbon gas additive to air, minimizing the oil viscosity increase created by oxidation reactions. On the basis of core-scale experimental results, a numerical simulation model of air diffusion into a single matrix was created to obtain the diffusion coefficient through matching of laboratory results. Then, sensitivity runs were performed for different matrix sizes and composition of injected gas air and hydrocarbon. Additionally, a scaling-up study was performed to obtain an approximate production time for different matrix block sizes and temperatures.

It is imperative that enough timing is required for the diffusion process before injected air filling to fracture network breakthrough. This implies that huff-and-puff-type injection is an option as opposed to continuous injection of air. The optimal design and duration of the cycles were also tested experimentally and numerically for a single matrix case. This study presents a pioneering effort to enable visualization of the in situ wax deposition process in a microscopic scale with an emphasis on mass transfer boundary layer and deposit morphology observations.

The mass transfer boundary layer study validates the existence of partial wax supersaturation near the wax deposit and oil interface. This conclusion is in agreement with several flow loop data with the same oil and similar flowing conditions. The morphology study reveals that, under laminar conditions, the distribution of the deposit crystal aspect ratio resembles a log-normal pattern with a distribution mode between 2 and 3.

This characteristic exhibits similarity with wax crystals observed under static cooling conditions. Deposits formed under laminar conditions have a relatively rough surface and random flake structure, while turbulent deposits have a smoother surface and more uniformly layered structure. The shear stripping phenomenon is not observed within the experimental range of this study. The thermal oxidation deposition characteristics of kerosene RP-3 have been experimentally studied in the vertical tube at supercritical pressure as a crucial concern for the cooled cooling air CCA development.

Thermal stressing of the fuel was carried out in a heated tube with stainless steel SS, 1Cr18Ni9Ti , pre-oxidized, and electrolytically passivated for 1 h. Under the constant pressure of 5 MPa, all of the experiments were conducted at the fixed inlet and outlet fuel temperatures of and K, respectively, under the same heat flux and flow mass rate.

Deposition of the different segments was analyzed using a weighting method to observe the deposition profile of the test section. Moreover, the morphology and components of the surface deposition were examined along each tube, with different surface treatments, to investigate the surface thermal oxidative deposit mechanisms.

In this work, it was found that the pre-oxidized and electrolytically passivated treatments could reduce the total deposition about On the basis of the scanning electron microscopy SEM images and component analysis of the surface deposit, the thermal oxidation deposit on the treated tube surface could be attributed to the adhered deposit formed in the liquid fuel rather than the surface catalytic filamentous deposition on the untreated tubes.

The observation of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy HRTEM lattice fringe images for coals has aided the rationalization of structure and order. Within the hundreds of lattice fringes edge-on view of the aromatic structures in a typical micrograph, apparent curvature is common. Traditional image analysis approaches do not appropriately quantify curvature. Tortuosity is functional for the quantification of single-inflection-point smooth lines but poor for complex or undulating lines. Here we present an image analysis method that can identify the points of inflection, angles, and segment lengths that constitute curved lattice fringes.

Four coals from the Argonne Premium suite Pocahontas No. In all cases, low curvature was the predominant class.