Study #15

Head Study # The original images by Lee leondumoulin.nl with his kind permission.
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The temperature was raised. The subcutaneous swelling diminished, and the patient began to perspire once more.

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The period of menstruation, which before had lasted for two and sometimes three weeks, was reduced to four days. Since the improvement was observed immediately after implantation of the sheep thyroid gland, it became obvious that the beneficial clinical effect observed was due to a biological active compound released by the implanted sheep thyroid gland into the peripheral circulation of the patient.

One year later in , based on a review of the literature, including successful implant of the thyroid gland in a hypothyroid patient in Lisbon, British physician George R.


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Murray 2 postulated that extracts of thyroid glands should be effective in hypothyroidism. He presented in July , at the Annual Meeting of the British Medical Association his observation of a female patient with hypothyroidism myxedema treated successfully with hypodermic injections of extract from the thyroid glands of sheep.

The patient has steadily improved since the treatment commenced, and, though three weeks were allowed to elapse between the injections of the last two extracts, she did not lose any of the ground she had previously gained.

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Their publications reported the effect of thyroid gland administration on a single case of hypothyroidism each. The Lisbon experiment with implantation of a sheep thyroid gland under the breast was also on a single patient. All of the patients were women. Prior to , thyroid extracts were not standardized based on iodine content because the presence of iodine in the active principle of the thyroid gland was not yet reported.

The popularity of thyroid extracts was not adversely affected by the introduction of thyroid hormones in the s. Thyroid extracts continued to be prescribed by the majority of US physicians who claimed better response than with the use of the pure preparation of thyroxine. This trend was to change following a hoax perpetrated in with the goal of discouraging the use of thyroid extracts and therefore, making thyroxine the only eligible thyroid preparation for hypothyroidism. The best pharmacological authorities confirmed desiccated thyroid remains a remarkably clinically predictable and effective preparation which is well absorbed.

The medical letter in maintained that desiccated thyroid had never been unreliable. The slight variations in the T3 levels mentioned by some are of little clinical significance. A large shipment to distributors in Europe and the United States in of what was supposed to be desiccated thyroid turned out to be tablets that contained iodine but no thyroid hormone. This was a hoax. Timing and synchronization of iodophobic misinformation about iodine were evident in this situation.

By the s, thyroxine was the only acceptable treatment modality for hypothyroidism because, of course, the iodophobic domino effect of the Wolff-Chaikoff publication prevented physicians from supplementing their patients with iodine. In the late s, the data available suggested that hypothyroidism was due to a deficiency of a substance secreted by the thyroid gland, and this biologically active substance was orally bioavailable.

As previously mentioned, the iodine involvement in this thyroidal compound was not suspected until , when Bauman reported large concentrations of protein-bound iodine in the thyroid gland. Afterward, the general medical consensus was that the active principle of the thyroid gland contains iodine, and as a consequence, the thyroid preparations were standardized to contain 0. Bauman attempted unsuccessfully to hydrolyze thyroid proteins in order to isolate the active compound. It remained for Kendall, 9 from the Mayo Clinic, 19 years later to successfully hydrolyze thyroidal proteins with sodium hydroxide in alcohol.


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    4. The hydrolysate could be separated into two groups — the first group contained compounds that were insoluble in acid, and the second group substances were soluble in acid. Clinical trials with these crystals in hypothyroid patients proved that it was the active principle. Unfortunately, Kendall assigned the wrong structure: The actual amount of the crystalline iodin compound necessary to produce marked effect is exceedingly small.

    In spite of the fact that Kendall assigned the wrong structure for L-thyroxine, his crystals possessed the correct structure and full biological activity.

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    As an example, Kendall stated that three tons of thyroid glands yielded only 33 g of thyroxin, equivalent to approximately , daily doses. Thyroxine exists in two isomers: L-thyroxine, the naturally occurring form, and D-thyroxine. Harrington proceeded to synthesize thyroxine from iodinated thyrosine. Because of racemization, his preparation contains a mixture of L- and D-thyroxine. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website.

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