Communication Satellite Antennas: System Architecture, Technology, and Evaluation

Communication Satellite Antennas: System Architecture, Technology, and Evaluation by Dybdal, Robert(June 2, ) Hardcover [Robert Dybdal] on.
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Future system designs will continue to extend the services available to system users in ways that are not grasped today. Existing satellite system maturity has been made possible by a wide range of enabling technologies. Electronic technologies likewise have made possible the development of capable systems for both the space and user segments comprising satellite systems.

The development and demonstration of modulation formats and multiple access techniques that allow a collection of users to share satellite resources have had major roles in providing efficient and reliable communications for a multitude of system users and applications. Antenna systems have greatly increased in sophistication. Space segment antennas provide high gain capabilities to ease user requirements; can spatially isolate different portions of the field of view allowing the available spectra to be reused; and can mitigate interference.

Of all the technologies used in the space segment, antenna systems are the most diverse as a result of different operating frequencies and system requirements. User segment antenna designs are also diverse, ranging from handheld designs for low data rate applications to very large ground terminals for high data rate transfer. The escalating Robert Dybdal xii number of system users demand attention to cost-effective designs and economies of production to control system acquisition costs.

Future satellite systems will not only replenish existing capabilities but also provide capabilities that cannot be clearly envisioned today.

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Technology evolution will continue to contribute to systems having additional capabilities and flexibilities, as well as reduced weight and power requirements and acquisition costs. This evolution will extend over all the diverse technologies used in satellite systems. In addition to component evolution, other developments in modulation, multiple access, and network techniques can also be envisioned.

Utilization of software and digital technologies will also increase in future system designs. Like these other technologies, satellite antenna systems will continue to evolve to satisfy the objectives of future system designs. Communication satellites have been developed for both commercial and military applications and the objectives of their applications differ. Commercial systems are configured to serve particular market segments and are intended to provide as much system capacity from the available frequency allocation as possible.

These considerations result in system designs that have relatively fixed coverage requirements and techniques to expand system capacity by reusing the same frequency spectra. Serving the required coverage with multiple beams to isolate users in different portions of the coverage area and reusing the same frequency subband when sufficient spatial isolation is available is one technique. Another commonly used technique uses orthogonal polarizations to communicate independent data channels.

Additionally, military users have long had concerns regarding intentional interference or jamming. Techniques to protect systems from interference have been developed and used operationally. While commercial and military systems have differing objectives, both share common development requirements.

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Independent of the application, SWaP, size, weight, and power, are of paramount importance for the space segment. Reliability is also essential and extensive system testing and redundant components are required to assure satisfying orbital lifetime objectives. Acquisition cost is another critical factor. As the number of system users continues to increase, providing sufficient performance to reduce user requirements and permitting the development of cost-effective user segment designs are the most important areas of system design and planning.

Testing is an essential part of system development, and as the number of users continues to Robert Dybdal xiii increase, techniques to test on a production basis must be developed. These issues will have increased importance for future system designs as the level of complexity increases and the number of system users continues to grow.

System design is an iterative process, and the amount of iteration will grow as system complexity and the number of users continues to increase.


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The system design process illustrated in Fig. These top-level requirements are used to develop system design concepts based on preliminary assessments of performance capabilities for the space and user segments. A most important and fundamental part of system definition is questioning and understanding the impacts of system requirements.

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As the system definition proceeds, the requirements will evolve as necessary to configure viable system designs. The importance of questioning system requirements cannot be overstated. The system design concepts are compared with launch vehicle constraints for the space segment and compared with production costs for the user segment.

Technology estimates play a major role in these preliminary system designs and development risk for implementation must be addressed. Other choices that are examined at this time are modulation formats to be used in user communications and multiple access techniques that allow users to share the space segment resources. A significant number of system tradeoffs exist and the process iterates multiple times in developing an Figure 1 The system design process Robert Dybdal xiv acceptable system design. System design development and definition clearly must provide a balance between the space and user segment performance requirements in deriving system-viable implementations.

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As system capabilities increase and afford increased service requirements to service a greater number of system users, this iterative process becomes more complex and extensive. While the system planning and development process is ongoing, the capabilities of many different technologies are also assessed in support of the system definition.

Communication Satellite Antennas

The scope of this effort likewise becomes more extensive as system design complexity increases. Design implementation choices, such as the fabrication alternatives of MMIC monolithic microwave integrated circuits and ASIC application-specific integrated circuits implementations to support specialized needs of the system design and the use of digital technology, are addressed in selecting the system electronics.

System design choices for space and user antenna requirements become extensive with the complexity of requirements and technology alternatives. In addition to the component selection, this preliminary system definition phase needs to address testing requirements and the associated facilities needed to evaluate not only components but integrated subsystems and systems. While many technology choices and technical issues must be addressed, acquisition costs must also be examined and tradeoffs in system design evaluated on a cost basis. System definition is a multifaceted undertaking that requires careful assessments of requirements, technology alternatives, the allocation of resources, and economic impacts.

Antenna technology to support system definition and development has a major role in devising viable system designs. System development, to date, has demonstrated a diverse antenna technology base to meet requirements for specific system applications.


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    5. This antenna technology base has greatly contributed to existing system capabilities. Future system designs will continue to generate even more diverse antenna designs and extend component-level antennas to antennas integrated into system-level designs. Much opportunity exists here to develop creative solutions for future system needs.

    This book was prepared to provide guidance for future communication satellite antenna developments and endeavors to provide a system background to assist system planners and technology developers. Such development requires insight into system architectures, antenna technology alternatives, and methods to evaluate both their component- and system-level performance.

    The organization of the book has the following format. An overview of the parameters that characterize antennas is presented to provide a basis to quantify antenna performance. Antenna technology required Robert Dybdal xv in communication satellite systems is described in some detail.

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    In addition to working with the U. His professional involvement includes IEEE and AMTA and he holds patents in instrumentation, adaptive antennas, antenna tracking, satellite transponder architectures, and microwave components. A practical approach to antenna technology for communication satellites—from the world expert on the subject. Broad in scope, this authoritative resource provides a systems-level approach to antenna technology for communication satellites, addressing both the space and user segments.

    The book covers the roles of antennas in system operation and interference mitigation needed for communication satellite operation. Communication Satellite Antennas presents a system appreciation needed for technology developers along with an overview of the technologies used in system implementation. Measurement technologies as well as methodologies and issues specific to communication satellite development are described in detail.

    System Architecture, Technology, and Evaluation by: Table of Contents A. Communication Satellite System Architectures 4.