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- IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Volume , - IOPscience
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To investigate the punching shear capacity of cast-in-situ reinforced concrete hollow slab-column connections under the unbalanced bending moments, a series of specimens were tested and analyzed in this paper. Hollow ratio, direction of moment, tube layout pattern and other factors are considered in the experiment. Performance of the specimens was evaluated in terms of cracking load, ultimate bearing capacity, fracture distribution and load-displacement curve. Moreover, the punching shear capacity formula of the hollow slab-column connections was provided. The experimental results show that the failure patterns of the specimens are punching failure; stiffness improved with the increase of thickness.
Under one-direction unbalanced moment, the punching shear capacity decreases with the increase of hollow ratio; Under bi-direction unbalanced bending moment, the punching shear capacity increases with the increase in hollow ratio; the punching shear capacity is higher when bending moment along the tube compared to bending moment cross the tube, but it is not obvious; the specimens under bidirection unbalanced moment have lower punching shear capacity and better deformation ability compared with specimens under one-direction unbalanced moment.
Using the proposed punching shear capacity formula, the calculated values are in good agreement with measurements. In order to study the influence of earthquake duration on the dynamic response of pile-supported wharf in deep water area, this paper takes a typical steel pipe pile-supported wharf as the research object. This paper establishes the finite element model of pile-supported wharf. And by applying earthquake waves with different duration to the structure, the displacement response of the piled wharf, the energy dissipation ratio of plastic hinge, and the destruction process were analyzed.
The study results show that the influence of earthquake duration on the displacement response of the structure is less but the influence on the parameters which are characterizing the earthquake energy dissipated by structure is significant, and the larger the amplitude of the earthquake waves is, the more significant the influence is. The parameters that characterize the earthquake energy dissipated by structure can provide a good indication of the damage level of the pile-supported wharf under earthquake with different durations. As a simple method, it can be preliminarily judged by the moment-curvature relation curve; when studying the influence of earthquake's duration on the structure, an appropriate duration threshold should be chosen based on the type of structure.
Based on finite element software ABAQUS, by using equivalent viscous-spring artificial boundary element combine wave motion input, a series of two-dimensional plane strain models of above building-soil-tunnel were built to study the influence of above building on tunnel dynamic response. The dynamic nonlinear effects of soils are considered by using equivalent linear method. Three seismic input with different spectrum characteristics were used here as input motion.
Results show that the influence of above building is negligible. The dimension of above building, spacing between structures and the buried depth of tunnel are the important factors of the interaction system, in contrast, the stiffness of above building have small influence degree. A single-layer cylindrical reticulated shell structure model was established by selecting real seismic waves and using ANSYS structural analysis module, and the structural model was subjected to multi-point earthquake input and consistent input time history response calculations.
The result shows that in the seismic design of large-span space structures, the traveling wave effect must be considered. When the traveling wave effect is studied, if we only pay attention to the maximum axial force of the structural member, horizontal one-dimensional input can be performed.
Permeating into almost all areas, Artificial Intelligence AI is also playing a more important role in architectural field. Based on three schools of AI, this paper proposes an AID Model of architectural intelligent design, aiming at establishing a thinking system to understand the inter-crossing of AI and architectural design. According to AID Model, a series of AI methods applied into architectural design, analysis and fabrication are discussed.
By summarizing an overview of AI methods, it is possible to explore the future development of architectural intelligent design and provide reference for future design work. Traditional support structure system of air-cooled condense adopts hybrid structure system of steel truss and reinforced concrete pipe column, and this type of structure has a remarkable torsion effect because that the quality and rigidity is badly non-uniform at the vertical direction.
In order to study the natural vibration period, vibration type and dynamic response under multidimensional ground motions, this paper chooses the support structure system with diagonal brace to analysis the dynamic characteristic and lateral-torsional coupled seismic response of the structure, and compares the results with the traditional structures to study the reasons of these changes so as to make recommendations on the designing of structure.
The results show that this new-type structure could reduce the torsional effect, lateral displacement and strengthen overall seismic capacity. Whether the tests result of road damage rate is accurate or not, it is affected by many factors. The article describes the measurement standards developed for pavement damage detection equipment, including pavement damage measurement standard devices and pavement damage standard test blocks. The pavement damage measurement standard device detects pavement cracks through image recognition technology and measures its geometric parameters.
The pavement damage standard test block simulates the pavement texture using engineering plastics, and then uses a laser engraving process to process typical pavement cracks to realistically reproduce the actual form of pavement cracks. The article gives a metrological traceability diagram of the amount of pavement damage detection equipment, and carries out repeatability tests and stability tests to verify the measurement standards.
Analyzing numerous computational fluid dynamics CFD simulations of a high-rise building with internal corridor, the airflow velocity, height of neutral plane and carbon monoxide concentration under different heat release rate HRR of fire were investigated.
The result shows that with the HRR growing, the airflow velocity increases significantly, while the flow structure has no obvious change. The dependence of neutral plane height on HRR is weak. However, the CO concentration increases remarkably, which indicates that rapid evacuation is crucial for the people on the higher floor.
Oil country tubular goods OCTG may develop plastic bending, fracture and fatigue failure during the service due to dynamic loads, such as perforation impacts and fluid-induced vibration. This paper was to evaluate strength safety of OCTG under dynamic loading. To gain key parameters of the dynamic constitutive model of materials represented by Johnson-cook. An axial tensile test of the common PS and an experiment on its mechanical properties under high strain rate were carried out for the first time.
The yield limit of PS under static loads was MPa, which was 2. The ultimate strength was MPa and the yield ratio was 1. Since it often requires the yield ratio higher than 1. Under the strain rates of s-1 and s-1, the yield limits of PS were Dynamic factor of PS was determined according to engineering habits. According to conversion and contrast analysis on increment of yield limit under dynamic loading, the final strengths were decreased by 4. Moreover, key parameters of the Johnson-cook dynamic constitutive model of PS material were determined through experiments for the first time.
They could provide key para meters of constitutive model for accurate finite element simulation analysis under dynamic loa ds. This study addresses the design of continuous ultrasonic tank reactor CUTR and focusing on the study of acoustic pressure and temperature distribution inside the CUTR. The total volume of inner CUTR was design to be mL; a cooling water layer was also developed to achieve a well temperature control during the ultrasonic processing. After combining physical models i. The highest acoustic pressure was able to reach to atm when the averaged processing temperature was determined to be Therefore, results of this study indicated two typical consequences of ultrasound processing: In order to understand the thermal effect of the defects in 3D-TSV interconnection structure, corresponding finite element models were established and thermal-electronic analysis was conducted.
The temperature distributions of different layers of TSV structure with defects were investigated and the distribution variations due to the three common types of interior defects, which were filling missing, axial cavity and end cavity, were analysed respectively. The simulation results of defect-free TSV were also given for the sake of comparison. From the results, it was clear that all kinds of defects caused obvious variations of temperature distribution. And TSV with the filling missing problem had the most recognisable temperature distribution difference among those three typical defects.
The defect of end cavity, followed by axial cavity, had less effect. Based on these conclusion, the temperature distribution supported important defect information by which the interior defect inspection and recognition could be realized. This paper presents a methodology to evaluate the safety of the management in the chemical factory with the back propagation neural network BPNN and the radial basis function neural network RBFNN. By comparing the evaluated values with the experts' scores, the result indicates that the RBFNN is capable of evaluating and predicting the safety in management of the chemical factory.
Because of its simplicity and flexibility, cellular automaton model is widely used to simulate traffic flows. Based upon the NS Nagel and Schreckenberg Model, the paper proposes a cellular automaton model to simulate drivers' reaction to velocity and headway distance in single lane traffic flow by modification of deceleration and randomization of the rules. Analysis of average velocity is performed to study the state and stability of traffic flow in various situations. For low densities, traffic is in free flow state, with average velocity fluctuating around the mathematical expectation stably.
With the increasing of density, traffic becomes unstable and goes into jammed flow state. The behaviours of the model are very similar to those of the real traffic flows observed in the field. It is potential that the model can be used to predict traffic state for the engineering practice of traffic control and management.
This paper takes the exploration and practice of the mango science and technology service model of the South Asian Subtropical Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences as an example to analyze the forms, specific practices and development status of the typical technology service model, and discuss the outstanding problems and suggestions of the technology service model, which provide useful experience and inspiration for the innovation of agricultural science and technology service models in other regions.
Based on 3-UPC type of spatial parallel manipulator with three rotational DOF, the differential equivalent method is used to simplify and construct the isomorphic Jacobian matrix. The simulation results show that this type of isomorphic mapping Jacobian matrix of parallel prototype manipulator has the similarity motion characteristics which can be used to analyse the topological structure of compliant mechansims. The dynamic water pressure will be caused at the surface of the bridge deck pavement when high-speed wheel load drive through. On the one hand, it can reduce the anti-sliding performance of the surfacing layer which is not conducive to traffic safety, on the other hand, dynamic water pressure will continuously scour pavement material and degrade the material performance.
In order to explore the formation and evolution laws of dynamic water pressure on the pavement surface, analysis the factors influence on dynamic water pressure, the finite element method was used to establish the simulation calculation model, and the influence factors such as the water film thickness, different speed of wheel load and tire pattern depth were considered. The main conclusions are as follows: The finite element method to calculate the tire ground area and the vertical displacement can give reasonable geometry size of the tire in the computational fluid domain; the wheel drives through at high speed to squeeze the water at the surface.
The tire pattern cannot discharge the water under the tire quickly, and most of the water that is stuck in the grounding area forms the dynamic water pressure. The value of the dynamic water pressure is positively correlated with the wheel load speed and the water film thickness. Printing cylinder torsional vibration is one of the main vibration forms of printing machine, which directly restricts the increase of the printing speed.
The impression cylinder is the core part of the printing press. Based on the D'Alembert's principle, an impression cylinder torsional vibration mechanics model based on concentration-distribution quality was established and compared with the CAE simulation results to verify the accuracy of the mathematical model. With the change of printing pressure and printing speed, the influence of excitation force on torsional vibration will also change.
The results provide a reliable model for the active control of torsional vibration of printing cylinders. At the site of cargo package binding in cargo spacecraft, the structure of the binding belt will produce plastic deformation, slip and fracture over time, which will cause tension relaxation and it's hard to predict the value of tension at steady state. A cargo packing test platform was established.
Through which the tension data of sufficient time test are obtained by the serial tension sensor in the binding belt. Based on the Analysis of Therbligs a standard cargo packing operation procedure was developed.
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And based on the least square method, the tension data of the binding belt are fitted with quartic polynomial and the tension relaxation model is established. In view of the problem of the excessive heat consumption in the process of ground test of a communication satellite, a cooling system solution is set up by using industrial air conditioner for cooling the satellite payload, and the thermal simulation analysis of the test conditions for the satellite.
Through the thermal simulation analysis, the air supply mode of the cooling system, the technical parameters of the cold air blower, and the appropriate air supply temperature, wind speed, air volume and other parameters are given to ensure the normal working temperature level of the equipment during the ground test of the satellite payload.
This paper focuses on the analysis and research of MP3 three-dimensional modeling and virtual assembly based on inventor software technology and related knowledge. By understanding the physical MP3 and analyzing the structure of MP3, it is composed of several parts. What is the role of each part? By analyzing the assembly process of the bushing and pin, an automatic assembly mechanism for bushing and pin of Shifter DQ GEN 2 is presented with assembly mechanism for bushing, grease smearing machine grease smearing machine for bushing, grease smearing machine for shift lever cage, grease smearing machine for the hole , assembly mechanism for pin as main parts.
This machine uses PLC and touch screen as control core, which has achieved the assembly automation on assembly process of bushing and pin in shifter unit, improved automation level and production efficiency, reduced rejection rate. The parametric design methods of the system are discussed, including the shaft shape features and parametric programming, the establishment of feature drawing function. Based on Visual Basic 6. The application result shows that the system is easy to operate and significantly saves the design time of the product.
The format of its generated drawings is unified, and accords with the national standard specification. Dual mass flywheel DMF can effectively attenuate torsional vibration from the engine. Aiming to obtain greater damping performance, the sensitivity analysis method is studied combining with the constraint relation of primary flywheel assembly and secondary flywheel assembly, which is used to determine the key structural parameters of DMF which have the greatest relationship with the natural frequency of the system. A car with a DMF is taken as an object of sensitivity analysis, then the key structural parameters of the DMF is obtained and adjusted, finally, simulation results verify the effectiveness of the analysis method.
Spacecraft equipment layout is complex, and there are often many differences between real product and three-dimensional design models because of flexible components and sampling parts, some spacecraft components which have high assembly precision can't be installed due to component interference or small safety distance in assembly and integration process of spacecraft.
The traditional method using the ruler is not easy to measure the spatial distance of interested place, so 3D laser scanner can be used in many situations which is a key detection step in AIT Process of Spacecraft. The 2 typical applications in this paper show that these detection method extracting redundant mounting holes with large span improve the assembly efficiency.
To improve the machining quality and machining efficiency, the abrasive jet flow is used to replace the conventional electrical discharge dielectric medium, and then the composite machining method of abrasive jet and electrical discharge is proposed. The experimental setup and machining principle of the composite machining method is illustrated. The breakdown property is analysed using the Laplace's equation and its solution equation of the Gauss's law in the differential form in the spherical coordinates. The ability limitation of the dispersion phase to weaken the dielectric strength of the electrical discharge machining fluid and the water are calculated, respectively.
The conductive abrasive, the air and the Al 2 O 3 non-conductive abrasive could weaken the dielectric strength of the electrical discharge machining fluid to 0. They could weaken the dielectric strength of the water to 0. The breakdown characteristics of different dielectric medium used in the composite machining method are analysed based on the calculating results.
The water-air-Al 2 O 3 non-conductive abrasive is the working medium with the stable characteristic. The conductive abrasive-air-electrical discharge machining fluid is the working medium with the controllable characteristic. The fault piece K nickel base equiaxed superalloy power turbine impeller has a micro crack after times of high-power starting. After comparing the fault parts with the stereotype, the fracture surface, the chemical composition, the mechanical properties and the metallographic structure, the changes of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the turbine impeller and the mechanical properties of the turbine impeller are analyzed in five aspects.
The results show that the micro crack of the fault part belongs to the low cycle fatigue fracture which occurs under the alternating stress. The crack source is located near the surface of the wheel hub and extends along the carbide boundary, and the grain boundary strengthening element B, Zr is low, and the microstructure exists a certain amount of skeleton carbide phase defects.
These factors lead to the K turbine. The formation of micro cracks on impeller blades and hub joints. In order to obtain the relationship and the change regulation of dynamic parameters of the tracked mobile robot in the steering process, the dynamic models under the influence of slip and centrifugal force are established respectively.
At the same time, the mathematical expressions of the deflection of the steering center and the pressure on the track are obtained. The relationship of parameters is analyzed by Simulink simulation software and the error of the slip model, the centrifugal force model and the ideal model and is compared. In this paper, the mathematical and the state space model of the electro-hydraulic joint load sensitive pressure system are established. Combined with the perfect performance on optimization of RBF neural network and sliding mode variable structure control algorithm in the complex hydraulic system, this paper proposes a RBF neural network adaptive sliding-mode control algorithm.
This paper designs a controller with the electro-hydraulic proportional overflow valve as the control object. The simulation results show that the RBF neural network adaptive sliding-mode controller has the advantages of high control accuracy, excellent dynamic response property and strong robustness in the complex electro-hydraulic system.
Aiming at the shortage of electro-hydraulic robot in terms of system fluctuation and response speed compared with electric robot. The static and dynamic characteristics of a load-sensitive electro-hydraulic robot electro-hydraulic driving system are simulated based on AMESim software in this paper. By analysing the static and dynamic characteristics of the system, the theoretical knowledge is combined with the simulation results. The factors that affect the stability of the system are emphatically explored to provide ideas for optimizing and improving the stability of the electro-hydraulic driving system of load-sensitive electro-hydraulic robots.
The design of tungsten carbide swage with a center hole is proposed, the interference between the cylindrical mandrel and the inner hole of the tungsten carbide swage is performed by thermal expansion and contraction to form a combined swage. The stress and displacement of the combined swage are simulated and analyzed by ABAQUS finite element software under different interferences and compared with the displacement of high-speed steel swage and solid tungsten carbide swage under working conditions.
The results show that the combined swage can not only meet the requirements of autofrettage, but also can reduce the manufacturing difficulty of tungsten carbide swage with a large diameter. In this paper, the virtual prototype of the Spacecraft Automatic Levelling and Equalizing Hoist Device based on Hanging Point Adjustment is modelled and the Automatic levelling and equalizing process is simulated. Variable structure adaptive control system is verified to be asymptotically stable under the interference of the support vehicle.
Finally, through the refinement of the ductility of the sling, which is proved that the ductility of the sling has no effect on the stability, the system is proved to have good robustness. Due to the installation of high power efficient payload heat dissipation instruments, the traditional fan cannot effectively reduce the working temperature of the instruments. It will cause the failure of the test. Therefore, based on the convection heat control method, the simulation and analysis of the model are carried out, and a payload heat dissipation system is built. The correctness of the model and calculation results is verified by experiments, which can effectively guarantee the smooth operation of instrument testing.
This conclusion can provide a theoretical reference for other subsequent high-power payload heat dissipation devices. Aiming at the problem of performance and dimensional accuracy instability of casting sand mold under immature process, a study on the influence of different content of furan resin on the performance and dimensional accuracy of casting 3D sand mold was carried out. With the same tensile test block, compression test block and standard size measurement test block printing process as experimental conditions, based on industrial grade 3D printing equipment, the changing rule of parameter change of furan resin added is studied.
On this basis, a variety of different resins are used to print the test block, each group takes the same number of test blocks. Mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy were measured. The influence of resin addition on product performance and dimensional accuracy was studied by range analysis. The experimental results show that there is a relationship between the interaction and dependence between the numerical addition and the mechanical and dimensional precision of the 3D print sand mold.
The mechanical and dimensional precision of the sand mold can be reached to the best level in a certain range of resin added. The research results provide guidance and direction for further promoting the application of 3D printing technology in the foundry industry, and provide a theoretical basis for the application of 3D printing sand in different casting situations.
Under water environment, nanometer RDX was produced by wet grinding. With the help of Zetasizer Nano, field emission scanning electron microscope, Custer type hammer instrument, its particle size distribution, morphology appearance, the sense and other properties were characterized and then the safety of the process of crushing was analyzed.
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The experimental results show that the sensitivity of nanoscale RDX prepared by wet method is significantly reduced and the safety is improved. Due to the low cost of this method, it is possible to reutilize large-scale recycled RDX, which solves the difficulties of storing and transporting the RDX and expands its scope of use. In this paper, taking the camber indexing cam mechanism as an example, the mathematical model of the space cam mechanism motion is established. The influence law of the installation error on the meshing line deviation and the angular displacement error of the cam mechanism is examined.
And then the effective suggestion for the error control is proposed. The nonlinear finite element model of the top guard is established. The contact arithmetic and loading method are discussed. The time-deformation curves of loading center are gained. The falling object experiment is carried out on the test equipment.
The simulation results are accord well with the experimental ones. The dynamic simulation of the hydraulic excavators' top guard provides the basis for the structural design.
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Aiming at the urgent demands for precise and intelligent forming of complex bent tubular components, this paper reviews the developments of tube bending related simulation technologies. Combined with the advantages of finite element FE simulation analysis and geometry motion simulation analysis, the present work is proposed to establish a knowledge base of tube bending simulation based on the knowledge engineering technology, and to develop an interference simulation system of tube bending based on CATIA software.
Through the application of interference simulation system in continuous tube multi-bending in civil aircrafts, the extraction of model data, selection of process parameters, FE simulation of single bending segment, geometry simulation of continuous multi-bending, generation of simulation reports and numerical control codes can be automatically realized, and the bending quality and interference situation can be simultaneously obtained.
Using the interference simulation system, the product efficiency of aircraft duct components can be greatly improved, and the labour cost and working intensity of technicians can be significantly reduced. The traffic light procedure is a classical case using in the plc. It has a complicated procedure with a low implementing rate. This article uses the increment and the comparison instructions to implement. In concert with the s as the design background, the portal software can help the procedures become more straightforward and flexible.
With the development of 3D printing technology, the application of 3D printing has become more and more widespread, and the 3D printing efficiency problem that ensued has caused more and more researches. This paper will use the melt deposition type FDM forming printer. The printing consumables PLA and cylinder model were used as objects to study the effect of slice height on printing time, consumables, and dimensional accuracy and related parameters were optimized. The results showed that when the layer height was 0.
Cutting force is the most fundamental, and essential for machining error control, chatter stability analysis and milling process planning. In this paper, a method to predict the cutting force for the milling with variable-pitch or variable-helix cutter is provided. The method can take into account the piecewise continuous regions of the cutting that is attributed to the helix angle and the pitch variations between two subsequent teeth along the length of the axis. The piecewise character related to cutting force is deeply analysed and the effective depth of cut which seriously influences the maximum cutting force is discussed as well as its expression.
Finally, a series of cutting tests and simulations are carried out to validate the present method. As an important finish machining process, the grinding process plays an important role in the equipment manufacturing industry. This paper gives a quick overview of the development of surface integrity theory, illustrates the important influence of surface integrity on the fatigue life of component, introduces the development and research status of grinding process, and states the theory and application of grinding process with superior surface integrity after the case hardening or surface modification of key component.
Without the effect of cutting force and cutting heat, electrochemical machining helical gear has the advantage of high production efficiency, good processing quality and tool cathode lossless. But the machine that based on small PLC control system does not have the function of helix interpolation, limiting the research and application of electrochemical machining helical gear.
According to the principle of electrochemical machining of cylindrical helical gear, using pulse output instruction and powerful ability of floating point arithmetic of PLC, a helical gear two-axis linkage control algorithm is developed. This paper introduces the basic principle and presents a detailed derivation of algorithm formula. According to the principle and the algorithm formula, the control program is developed and the electrochemical machining of internal helical cylindrical gear is realized. Experiments show that the two-axis linkage control algorithm is stable, reliable and meet the needs of the helical gear electrochemical machining.
Objective Studying the application of Gestalt psychology in product human-machine interface design. Methods The 5 principles of proximity, similarity, closure, continuity and symmetry in Gestalt psychology are analyzed by different human-machine interface design cases. Conclusion The proximity principle and the similarity principle are related to the tendency of trying to group the objects.
The closed principle and the continuity principle are related to the tendency to try to give the object a complete form. And the symmetry principle is related to the attempt to simplify the figure to make it conform to the human visual habits. The Gestalt principle allows the information on the interface to be presented in groups and in a complete way.
It helps designers to understand the visual rules of human beings, to grasp the perception structure of things on the whole, and to organize, simplify and unify the display and operation devices in the design of the human-machine interface, so that the interface is more coordinated and easy to understand, so as to facilitate user operation and improve the efficiency of human-machine system. In order to realize automatic inspection of printed circuit board PCB surface defects, the PCB defect automatic recognition technologies based on image processing and machine vision were studied.
Firstly, the detected PCB color image and the standard PCB color image were grayed, and the visual effect of the detected image was improved by wavelet denoising and histogram equalization enhancement techniques. Secondly, the detected image and the standard image were calibrated, and the defects were extracted through the differential processing between them. Thirdly, the defect images were processed by the Otsu image segmentation and morphological method to get the binary images.
The defect features were extracted and marked on the images. Finally, the type of the defects was determined according to the defect characteristics and its neighboring image. Five defects such as short circuit, open circuit, sag, bulge and hole, were detected and identified. Electric actuator is a kind of intelligent material for artificial muscles, which has the advantages of low driving voltage, large strain, good biocompatibility, good flexibility, low price, wide application prospect and high academic value. In this work, the influence of different DC voltage and different output position on the output force performance of the electric actuator was studied.
The experimental results showed that the performance of the electric actuator was better when the DC voltage was 5V. At this time, the output force was 1. When the output position was 20mm, the output force and the response speed of the electric actuator were reached the maximum, which were 3. The governing differential equations in free vibration are built by using Hamilton's principle for a horizontal spinning beam.
By using the DQ method, the dimensionless natural frequencies at different rotational speeds are obtained for the beams with different boundary conditions. To ensure the accuracy of the present results by the DQ method, comparisons are made with those available in open literature and very good agreements are achieved. In order to achieve efficient efficiency of food delivery in restaurant, a saving manpower travelling robot driven by chain mechanism is developed. Through the chain drive mechanism, the transmission agencies and the walking mechanism are integrated. The conveyor mechanism is consisted of two pairs of symmetrical chains to ensure a smooth vertical transport of the dishes.
The flexible support plate on the chain has two levels of horizontal and vertical conditions due to its constraints. The running mechanism is composed of a motor drive module, a tracking module, an obstacle avoidance module and an imaging module, which can ensure the device to reach the target position. The automatic transmission meets the different set of dishes and saves labor requirements. Similarly, the device can also be applied to other areas where cargo transport is required. The missile phased array radar has the advantages of flexible beam pointing and fast scanning speed.
However, the design of missile phased array radar is difficult due to its limited space. The structure and thermal design of array power supply which is a core component of missile phased array radar were studied. The influence of fixed form and other factors on the design strength were analyzed. The design of heat dissipation under different working conditions were explored. The result shows that fixed form has the greatest influence on the design strength.
It is necessary to use the form of phase change cooling to solve the heat dissipation problem in the actual working process of array power supply. On this basis, the light quantization, insulation and common design of the array power supply are realized. The design meets the actual requirements. It is a significant reference for following design of electronic equipment for missile-borne radar. Underwater gliders are effective buoyancy-driven vehicles for sea sampling tasks because they are inexpensive, reusable and achieve a high duration.
In all kinds of them, the thermal underwater glider which is propelled by a thermal engine has better performance. But the properties of thermal material and ocean conditions limit the thermal glider's behaviour. A cogeneration power system for the thermal underwater glider was developed in this work.
A PEMFC-thermal engine cogeneration power system was used to improve the performance of the thermal engine. Experiments of the prototype indicate that the power system proposed can promote the flexibility and adaptability of the thermal glider. Meanwhile the heat can provide up to 2. The sound field of industrial gas turbine silencing pipeline is simulated and calculated by Virtual Lab, and the acoustic simulation results of the intake pipe show that the performance of the pipes with mufflers decreases slightly, the pressure loss is eligible while the flow uniformity is unqualified.
Aiming at the algorithm of the enemy aircraft and missile threat zone when the enemy launches air-to-ship missiles in surface warship air defense, this paper sets up the algorithm coordinate system, and distinguishes the position situation of both parties. Based on these, the paper defines the regional shape of the threat zone, and establishes the calculation model. At last, it develops a demonstration verification program and supplies the application examples in various cases. The enemy aircraft and missile threat zone can be calculated accurately with this algorithm, so it is able to effectively assist the commander to form scientific air defense plans.
In order to obtain more land for construction of large excavation slope, steep slope leading to soil, surface increases, serious damage to the original balance of geological environment. It will create the conditions for the occurrence of landslides. It is found through research that there are three types of landslides caused by artificial excavation, including new landslide after chopping slope, old slope reactivation caused by chopping slope, and landslides caused by abandoned earthwork after excavation.
Through numerical tests on the stability of the new slope, it is found that with the increase amount of excavation, the stability coefficient decreases, until destruction. The test reflects the change process of the stress state on the sliding surface of the slope.
With the shear stress below the shear strength, the anti slide force decreases, the front of the landslide is first revived, the upper part loses support and the whole slide is a traction failure. In order to determine the distribution of live load on the in-service bridge pile, the live load were statistically analyzed that the distribution at the end of the beam at the fulcrum of the beam and the T beam in the middle and small span of the highway bridge, the proportion of live load is obtained in the counter force at the end of the beam.
According to the statistical results, the corresponding relationship between the ratio of cyclic loading and the span of highway bridge is established, and according to the traffic volume and the effective number of trips calculated by different types of vehicles, the relation between the number of cyclic loads and the operation time of the bridge pile foundation is analyzed. The above results were combined with the time cycle of the vehicle on the bridge, a simplified calculation model of static load and live load on bridge pile foundation is established, which the obtained results can be directly applied to the test and loading of in-service bridge pile foundation and to guide the single pile model test in the laboratory, and has a strong application value.
In order to calculate the static load model and the live load of the bridge pile foundation on the validation of the simplified, with a single pile in clay under vertical cyclic loads on the pile top settlement and axial force of pile model test, the effect of vertical cyclic loading condition, bearing capacity and settlement of single pile. The influence of cycle times on the settlement of pile head and the axial force of pile body is put forward, which provides the data support for the evaluation of the bearing capacity of the later bridge pile foundation.
The main reason is that: It is difficult to consider the effect of bonded rebar in the strengthening scheme by simulation analysis; Due to the different linear expansion coefficient, the new and old materials lead to the mutual restraint strain at the contact interface.
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At present, there is a large temperature stress in the structure of mixed masonry pouring of many different materials in the Chinese engineering field when the structure is simulated by the solid element, which need further research and solution in the future. The traditional method of installation of kitchen and toilet pipes is to reserve holes on the floor when pouring concrete. Once the pipe installation is completed, use the template again to plug the hole.
This traditional practice is extremely easy to cause the kitchen and toilet pipe root leakage, in order to achieve the effect of the anti-seepage, the construction method adopts the method of installing the embedded parts in advance, the embedded parts as the formal pipes, so as to achieve the purpose of anti-seepage. This technology accurately positions the embedded parts from various aspects and uses swim lane diagram technology to clarify the contents and responsibilities of civil construction and installation during pipeline installation. Three methods are mainly used in the seismic research of underground engineering, including theoretical research, numerical calculation and experimental research.
In this paper, a detailed design of a utility tunnel shaking table test is carried out. First, the selection of the shaking table, model box and sensor were analyzed and studied. Then the test scheme was designed in detail. The design of the test scheme mainly includes 4 aspects. These 4 aspects are the similarity ratio design, the reinforcement of model structure, the input seismic wave and the sensor arrangement. The other variables are converted by the idea of combination dimensional analysis and kinetic equation.
The height of the model box is not more than 2. The height of the model box should be smaller, and the height of the model box is 1. The reinforcement ratio of the equal area is adopted. El-Centro wave, Kobe wave and Taft wave were selected in the experiment. One way step by step loading system was adopted in the test. At last, the position and quantity of the 4 kinds of sensors used in the experiment were studied, and the detailed layout of sensors were given.
Earth-rock dam is one of the most widely used dams in the world, and has huge comprehensive benefits in flood controlling, irrigation, power generation, water supply, shipping, tourism and so on. This paper elaborate the theory and method of earth-rock dam seepage analysis, including the basic equation of seepage and boundary condition, and also introduce a hydraulic analysis software, Autobank seepage module, including the analysis steps and boundary conditions.
Then two-dimension seepage analysis of earth-rock dam is carried out by using Autobank. The seepage line of the dam under three working conditions is calculated. This result can be used as reference for the design. As the popularization and application of the BIM technology has been widely recognized in the industry, this article starts with analyzing the value of BIM industry to compare traditional design and collaboration mechanism based on cloud BIM with plus their advantages and disadvantages; at the meantime, multi-layer cloud platform system based on the P-BIM concept leads to collaborative mode of design and which designed procedure for the construction WEB collaborative mode; at last, typical construction cases are applied to analyze value of BIM.
With the development of big data and cloud computing, BIM will lead the trend of technology and provide technical support for improving the efficiency of engineering construction, reducing costs and reducing errors. The design of the section width of utility tunnel will directly affect the distribution of the internal forces of the structure, it will directly affect the economy and safety of the project. From the aspect of stress field variation, inhomogeneous deformation and the changes of structural stiffness, to obtain the results of the influencing factor width of the cross-section , we analysed the action mechanism of soil arching pressure.
Within a certain range, the narrower the width is, the more obvious the effect is. The changes of the section width results in the changes of the structural stiffness, which is one of the influencing factors of soil arch in utility tunnel. The influence of cross-section width on the arch effect in mollisol has certain guiding significance for the value of vertical load of mollisol tunnel, which can provide the basis for the design of integrated utility tunnel. The mechanical properties before and after optimization were compared.
All processes are completed under the same software, ensuring the consistency and modification of data. The hub city complex project of Chengdu railway south station is a large multi-function complex. This project uses the cast-in-situ unbonded prestressed concrete two-way ribbed floor system in the roof with high crack resistance, which greatly facilitates the construction, reduces the cost of the project and shortens the time limit. This article will introduce related contents of the project design for designers.
Many layered pipe structures LPSs are covered under the soil, so it is important to investigate the guided wave propagation characteristics for underground LPSs in structural health monitoring SHM. The paper aims to propose a finite element model to describe the ultrasonic guided wave propagation properties in underground layered pipeline. Firstly, a selection of suitable excitation frequency and mode of PZT-based guided waves is successfully finished.
The finite element analysis FEA results show that the soil have a significant impact on the generating modes. The analysis of reflection signal is difficult because of mode conversion.
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Thus, the energy method of guided wave is used in order to analyze properties of underground layer pipe. The soil impacts for layered pipe focus on the axial energy properties. Although a part of guided wave energy scatters into pipe layers even the soil which makes the behaviour description much more complicated, the remained guided wave energy is still sufficient enough for propagating in the pipe with the obvious frequency dispersion and mode conversion.
An experimental system is established to verify the mentioned research, and the experimental and numerical results match well. The both methods do not consider the effect of duration. And the amplitude is adjusted based on the fixed amplitude modulation coefficient, but not according to the characteristics of ground motion energy distribution. Therefore, the method of scaling and selecting ground motion based on maximum instantaneous input energy is proposed.
The amplitude is adjusted according to the characteristics of energy distribution of the seismic wave in the new method. Soldier Field re-opened in after an extensive renovation. The Blackhawks have won six Stanley Cups , including in , , and Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at the United Center.
The Fire have won one league title and four U. Open Cups , since their founding in Chicago will be home to a new USL team starting in They plan to play in a 20, seat stadium located in Lincoln Park. They play home games at the Allstate Arena. The team was founded before the WNBA season began. The Chicago Marathon has been held each year since except for , when a half marathon was run in its place.
When Chicago was incorporated in , it chose the motto Urbs in Horto , a Latin phrase which means "City in a Garden". There are 31 sand beaches , a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas. There is a historic boulevard system , [] a network of wide, tree-lined boulevards which connect a number of Chicago parks.
It includes nineteen boulevards, eight parks, and six squares , along twenty-six miles of interconnected streets. With berths for more than 6, boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system. The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by the Cook County Forest Preserves , a network of open spaces containing forest, prairie , wetland , streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's outskirts, [] including both the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe and the Brookfield Zoo in Brookfield.
The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The current mayor is Rahm Emanuel. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. As well as the mayor, Chicago's clerk and treasurer are also elected citywide.
The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city. The Chicago Police Department provides law enforcement and the Chicago Fire Department provides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the city and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in the Cook County Circuit Court of the State of Illinois court system, or in the Northern District of Illinois , in the federal system. During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing Democratic Party organization.
During the s and s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organized socialist, anarchist and labor organizations. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected a Republican mayor since , when William Thompson was voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding.
All eight of the city's representatives are Democrats; a Republican has only represented a significant portion of the city twice since , for one term each— Robert P. Hanrahan from to , and Michael Patrick Flanagan from to Machine politics persisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U. The independents finally gained control of city government in with the election of Harold Washington in office — From until May 16, , Chicago was under the leadership of its longest serving mayor, Richard M.
Daley , the son of Richard J. On May 16, , Rahm Emanuel was sworn in as the 55th mayor of Chicago. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democratic primary vote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed. The Obamas' residence is located near the University of Chicago in Kenwood on the city's south side.
Chicago had a murder rate of However, it was less than in many smaller American cities, including New Orleans , Newark , and Detroit , which had 53 murders per , residents in The year-end crime statistics showed there were murders in Chicago in compared with the year before, a Chicago had more homicides than any other city in in total but not on per capita basis, according to the Chicago Tribune. The department also reported murders in Chicago for the year , a total that marked a According to reports in , "most of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories", [] and is specifically related to the activities of the Sinaloa Cartel , which by had decided to seek to control illicit drug distribution, against local street gangs.
Chicago's homicide tally remained low during , , and but rose to in , breaking for the first time since It was also nicknamed Chiraq by Chicago drill rappers. At that time, the murder rate was historically low for Chicago. Louis , New Orleans , Detroit and Baltimore had the highest murder rate. In September , an Illinois state appellate court found that cities do not have an obligation under the Illinois Constitution to pay certain benefits if those benefits had included an expiration date under whichever negotiated agreement they were covered.
The Illinois Constitution prohibits governments from doing anything that could cause retirement benefits for government workers to be "diminished or impaired. Chicago Public Schools CPS is the governing body of the school district that contains over public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are eleven selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools, [] designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students.
These schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors and Advanced Placement AP courses. Young Magnet High School , which was opened in , is ranked fourth. Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests. Chicago has a network of Lutheran schools , [] and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as the Ida Crown Jewish Academy in West Ridge. There are also the private Chicago Academy for the Arts , a high school focused on six different categories of the arts and the public Chicago High School for the Arts , a high school focused on five categories visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music of the arts.
The Chicago Public Library system operates 79 public libraries, including the central library, two regional libraries, and numerous branches distributed throughout the city. Since the s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities.
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These institutions consistently rank among the top "National Universities" in the United States, as determined by U. Top universities in Chicago are: Other notable schools include: William Rainey Harper , the first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of the junior college concept, establishing nearby Joliet Junior College as the first in the nation in The city has also been the base of several talk shows, including, formerly, The Oprah Winfrey Show. The city also has two PBS member stations: Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: In addition, Chicago is the recent home of satirical national news outlet, The Onion , as well as its sister pop-culture publication, The A.
Dark of the Moon , Transformers: Age of Extinction , Transformers: Chicago has also been the setting for many popular television shows, including the situation comedies Perfect Strangers and its spinoff Family Matters , Married The city served as the venue for the medical dramas ER and Chicago Hope , as well as the fantasy drama series Early Edition and the — drama Prison Break.
Discovery Channel films two shows in Chicago: Chicago has five 50, watt AM radio stations: Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, including Beyond the Beltway with Bruce DuMont on Sunday evenings. Chicago is also featured in a few video games, including Watch Dogs and Midtown Madness , a real-life, car-driving simulation game. In , indie rock artist Sufjan Stevens created a concept album about Illinois titled Illinois ; many of its songs were about Chicago and its history.
Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third-largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore. The city of Chicago has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. The national average was 8. Seven mainline and four auxiliary interstate highways 55 , 57 , 65 only in Indiana , 80 also in Indiana , 88 , 90 also in Indiana , 94 also in Indiana , , , , and run through Chicago and its suburbs.
Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U. The Kennedy and Dan Ryan Expressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois. CTA, Metra, and Pace. Greyhound Lines provides inter-city bus service to and from the city, and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network of Megabus North America. Amtrak long distance and commuter rail services originate from Union Station. Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation. The services terminate in San Francisco, Washington, D.
Parts of this were built, but it was never completed. Chicago's Department of Transportation oversees operation of Divvy , North America's largest bicycle-sharing system by geography , allowing residents and visitors the ability to check out public bikes from any of hundreds of automated stations located over a large area of the city, take them for short rides, and return them to any station of their choosing. Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry.
Department of Transportation, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase nearly percent between and Chicago is served by O'Hare International Airport , the world's second-busiest airport measured by airline operations, [] on the far Northwest Side, and Midway International Airport on the Southwest Side. In , O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towards building an entirely new airport in the Illinois suburbs of Chicago.
Army Corps of Engineers. Their service territory borders Iroquois County to the south, the Wisconsin border to the north, the Iowa border to the west and the Indiana border to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd a division of Exelon operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any US state. Recently, the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy. Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is now landfilled , mainly in the Calumet area.
From to , the city had a blue bag program to divert recyclable refuse from landfills. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city. It includes Rush University Medical Center , ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area by U. Hospital of Cook County , one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation. Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, including Northwestern Memorial Hospital and the University of Chicago Medical Center. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago. Chicago has 28 sister cities around the world.
These relationships have sought to promote economic, cultural, educational, and other ties. To celebrate the sister cities, Chicago hosts a yearly festival in Daley Plaza , which features cultural acts and food tastings from the other cities. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the city in Illinois. For other uses, see Chicago disambiguation. City in Illinois, United States. Timeline of Chicago history. The location and course of the Illinois and Michigan Canal completed State and Madison Streets , once known as the busiest intersection in the world Community areas in Chicago and Neighborhoods in Chicago.
Roads and expressways in Chicago. List of companies in the Chicago metropolitan area. Culture of Chicago , List of people from Chicago , and List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago. Soldier Field ; Middle: Wrigley Field ; Bottom: United Center ; Bottom: Political history of Chicago. Crime in Chicago and Timeline of organized crime in Chicago. For a more comprehensive list, see List of colleges and universities in Chicago. List of diplomatic missions and trade organizations in Chicago. Illinois portal Chicago portal.
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