technical measures to reduce by-catch and discards rates should be also considered for Central American deep-water shrimp fisheries. By-catch reduction in the world's fisheries. Methods and technologies in fish biology and fisheries. Volume 7. Springer, A review of bycatch and discard segue toward solution.
Table of contents
The in situ sorting effect and separation of shrimps from finfishes and cephalopods may help to reduce the sorting time and increase useful fishing time of the trawler fishermen and thus enhance the profitability of fishing operations. Increase in towing time can be expected due to slow filling of codend as a result of reduction of non target fishes and juveniles.
- Frontiers | Addressing fisheries bycatch in a changing world | Marine Science.
- Investigations on juvenile fish excluder cum shrimp sorting device (JFE-SSD).
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- Investigations on juvenile fish excluder cum shrimp sorting device (JFE-SSD).
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Fuel saving also can be expected due to drag reduction caused by the escapement of non-target species, from codend. We have successfully demonstrated installation and operation JFE-SSD to trawler fishermen at fishing villages in Ratnagiri Maharashtra, India , during 12—14 April , under a collaborative initiative on conservation of trawl caught resources and reduction on the negative impact of trawling on juveniles, of Central Institute of Fisheries Technology Cochin , College of Fisheries Ratnagiri and Cameron International Mumbai Boopendranath et al.
Fishermen did not report any specific difficulties in installation and operation of the device. Enabling policy initiatives and legislation and a rights based regulated access system based on a strong inclusive participatory management seem to be necessary for facilitating large scale adoption of such devices Boopendranath The JFE-SSD can be easily installed by substituting the conventional codend in a standard shrimp trawl without any alteration in the trawl design. The device reduces bycatch of juveniles of commercially important finfishes, shrimps, crabs and small sized fishes of low commercial value, which will be beneficial for sustainability of resources.
The study implies that the device has the potential advantage of retaining larger fishes of higher market value. The in situ sorting effect and separation of shrimps from other resources have the potential to reduce the sorting time and increase useful fishing time. This is the first report of the experimental trials using the newly developed JFE-SSD and the results showed that it has the capacity to pre-sort the catch and favorable bycatch exclusion characteristics which can be beneficially used in the fishery for responsible trawling operations.
Further optimization of JFE-SSD, particularly to reduce the finfish catches in lower codend, can be attempted and demonstration of the device in the commercial fishery setting in different fishing areas is required. Shrimps pass through grid bar spacing and are retained in lower codend made up of 20 mm square mesh netting. Juvenile shrimps escape through 20 mm size square meshes of lower codend.
Covered codend technique was used for performance evaluation with respect to exclusion from upper codend Pope et al. A cover fabricated using 20 mm diamond mesh polyamide netting which was 1. No cover was provided in lower codend. The duration of haul was fixed at 1 hour and after each haul, catches from different codends were sorted and kept separately in trays for length and weight measurements. The length and weight of each individual was measured to the nearest millimeter and gram respectively.
Catches were normalized to CPUE kg h -1 and used for analytical comparisons. Consistency was maintained in deployment and retrieval procedures of the gear during experimental operations to minimize operational errors. The Anderson-Darling procedure was used to compare the length-frequency of species caught in upper and lower codends.
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The authors wish to thank the Director, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology for providing the facilities to conduct the studies. VRM has performed the statistical analysis and participated in interpretation of data and preparation of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Menothuparambil Ravunny Boopendranath, Email: Therodath Rajan Gibinkumar, Email: Vettiyattil Ramakrishnan Madhu, Email: National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
Published online Jun Received Nov 29; Accepted Jun This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Penaeid shrimp is a major resource in India contributing about 7. Background Shrimp trawling is a major economic activity in India and elsewhere in tropical fisheries.
Table 1 Species-wise catch distribution in upper codend, lower codend and upper codend cover and exclusion rates from upper codend in JFE-SSD installed operations. Open in a separate window. Length based separation of species between upper and lower codends Anderson-Darling K-sample test was used to test the hypothesis of length-based separation of species in upper and lower codends.
Conclusions The JFE-SSD can be easily installed by substituting the conventional codend in a standard shrimp trawl without any alteration in the trawl design. Footnotes Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Handbook of fishing technology.
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Central Institute of Fisheries Technology; Technologies for responsible fishing, Chapter 2. Advances in harvest and post-harvest technology of Fish. New India Publishing Agency; Bycatch reduction devices for selective shrimp trawling. Soft bycatch reduction devices for bottom trawls. An assessment of Bycatch Reduction Devices in a tropical Australian prawn trawl fishery. Modifications to reduce bycatch in prawn trawls: Rev Fish Biol Fish.
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Thus, DOM offers one avenue to integrate species' responses to climate change and other stressors into mitigation strategies, and also holds great potential to minimize both bycatch mortality and economic losses for fisheries. Improved integration of science, technology, and stakeholder engagement into management policies is a next critical step that will facilitate effective DOM for bycatch reduction Hobday et al.
Statistical models integrating environmental and telemetry data are also being developed to forecast the presence of high-risk bycatch species presence, guiding dynamic spatiotemporal fisheries restriction decisions e. Limited or outdated availability of data increase error, which can render the approaches less effective by negatively impacting species or unnecessarily closing fisheries, but also risks undermining stakeholder trust and engagement.
Finally, in conjunction with these dynamic approaches, the further development of practices aimed at managing marine ecosystems for resiliency Levin and Lubchenco, ; Fujita et al.
Beyond the individual dynamics of both ecological and social systems is the need to identify and resolve socio-cultural and economic factors that lead to bycatch within a coupled social-ecological context. Efficacy of bycatch solutions is recognized as highly context dependent; approaches that are successful for one fishery or region can fail completely in others due to a variety of factors such as political drivers, infrastructure, culture, economic and ecological conditions, or scale Hall et al.
For example, bycatch avoidance measures found to be highly effective in experimental testing can fall short when implemented in commercial fishing operations because of differences between controlled experimental and real-world conditions Cox et al. Strategies that work for large-scale, highly regulated U. Early identification of the linked eco-socio-cultural and economic context dependencies relevant to a given region and fishery are critical to the development of creative, stakeholder-engaged transdisciplinary solutions to overcome these constraints Campbell and Cornwell, ; Peckham and Maldonado-Diaz, Socio-cultural barriers can hamper both effective knowledge transfer and implementation of mitigation strategies.
These include traditional socio-cultural factors among an ethnicity, community, or demographic that can alter perception and motivations e. Many fishers around the globe share strong common values of independence and are historically not accustomed to strong regulation Gislason, This can hinder compliance with restrictions limiting fishing effort i.
Socio-economic factors can also affect the efficacy of bycatch mitigation approaches. These conditions limit both the ability and willingness of fishers to alter fishing methods to mitigate bycatch. In particular, compliance in both small-scale and large commercial fisheries is challenging if mitigation techniques have, or are perceived to have, economic costs, such as target catch reduction, increased fuel or equipment costs, or opportunity costs Cox et al.
Integrated frameworks have been developed and applied in a variety of conservation contexts to identify socio-cultural and economic factors affecting ecosystem management Chan et al. Adaptations of these transdisciplinary frameworks are emerging to contextualize the enabling and limiting socio-ecological conditions affecting successful bycatch mitigation Lewison et al. Importantly, many factors enabling bycatch conservation occur at local scales, underscoring the importance of social capital and community participation, particularly in small-scale fisheries.
The continued application of these frameworks is a critical first step in assessment of social context dependencies of bycatch issues. Importantly, this must be followed by the development of mitigation strategies that address these factors, facilitate continued dialogue and feedback, and allow for adaptability of management policies to adjust to dynamic socio-cultural, economic, and environmental conditions.
The scale of mitigation policies can also greatly change socio-economic contexts. For commercial fisheries that compete internationally for import or export of their catch, regulations that restrict activities or increase costs within a country or region, e. With increasing market globalization, bycatch reduction-related measures can lead to market transfer effects Sarmiento, ; Rausser et al.
For example, Rausser et al. Effective bycatch mitigation strategies need to consider, integrate and support the livelihood of associated fishing industries and communities. Effective mitigation measures must also consider the underlying economic and market forces that drive fishery landings. In this context, bycatch-driven fisheries closures can be just as unsustainable as the bycatch that motivated that closure.
Similarly, bycatch-driven shifts in gear or fishing practices can lead to unintended consequences, solving a bycatch problem for one species in one area, but creating a new bycatch problem for another species or fishing location Mukherjee, Long-term sustainable bycatch solutions must account for these and other behavioral, economic and social changes that can lead to negative, unintended consequences Abbott and Haynie, and ultimately undermine sustainable fisheries worldwide.
Interwoven with the need to understand dynamic SES systems is the strong need for stakeholder engagement, feedback, and evaluation for all types of fisheries, management strategies, and regions. Stakeholder engagement not only strongly influences successful implementation and compliance of bycatch mitigation strategies, but also is key to finding creative solutions that will be successful under real conditions without threatening fishers' livelihoods Cox et al.
In conjunction with identifying SES linkages, co-management and community cooperatives have proven to be instrumental for the successful implementation of sustainable fishing policies, particularly for small-scale fisheries Peckham and Maldonado-Diaz, Such approaches facilitate continued dialogue among scientists, fishers, and managers to assess and adapt mitigation strategies to adjust to real vs. Utilizing a framework of standards to perform systematic, robust assessment of mitigation technologies and practices, facilitate feedback, and drive adaptation has also been effective in fisheries with greater infrastructure capacity Kirby and Ward, Solving global bycatch issues necessitates the continuation and expansion of these approaches to engage stakeholders and evaluate and adapt bycatch mitigation strategies across socio-ecological contexts.
There have been impressive advances in bycatch research and mitigation, but there are still substantial remaining and emerging barriers to reducing fisheries bycatch. Global bycatch, like other challenges to sustainable use, occurs in a changing ocean and socio-cultural context where species, ecosystems, and people are responding to multiple stressors and dynamic conditions. As the oceans continue to transform and the field of bycatch research moves into the twenty-first century, emerging dynamic, transdisciplinary approaches that integrate both the human and ecological dimensions of bycatch offer innovative opportunities to meet these challenges.
We have identified focal areas where more effort is needed; the continued support by research and management communities of further development, testing and implementation of emerging strategies to meet these needs is essential. There is not a single panacea to solve fisheries bycatch in our complex, changing world. Rather, investing in a diverse, adaptive portfolio of these tools and approaches to best match ecological, sociocultural, and economic contexts offers the best path forward to address global bycatch and support sustainable fisheries into the future.
Funding for open access publication was provided by the University of California, Davis Shields Library open access program. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. We would like to thank Dr. Jeffrey Moore and two reviewers for constructive comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. What are we protecting? Fisher behavior and the unintended consequences of spatial closures as a fishery management tool.
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Highlights
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- What Came First!
- NEBULAR Sammelband 3 - Morgotradon: Episode 12 - 16 (German Edition).
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An introduction to the Theme Section on fisheries bycatch.