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Aug 11, - by Quintus Horatius Flaccus, translated by Christopher Smart In the present edition of Smart's Horace, the translation has been revised.
Table of contents

At some stage Augustus offered Horace the post of his private secretary, but the poet declined on the plea of ill health. Notwithstanding, Augustus did not resent his refusal, and indeed their relationship became closer. The last ode of the first three books suggests that Horace did not propose to write any more such poems.

The tepid reception of the Odes following their publication in 23 bc and his consciousness of growing age may have encouraged Horace to write his Epistles. Book I may have been published in 20 bc , and Book II probably appeared in 14 bc. These two books are very different in theme and content.


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They are literary letters , addressed to distant correspondents, and they are more reflective and didactic than the earlier work. Book I returns to themes already developed in the Satires , while the others concentrate on literary topics. In these, Horace abandoned all satirical elements for a sensible, gently ironical stance, though the truisms praising moderation are never dull in his hands. The third book, the Epistles to the Pisos, was also known, at least subsequently, as the Ars poetica.

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The first epistle of Book II, addressed to Augustus, discusses the role of literature in contemporary Roman society and tells of changing taste. The second, addressed to the poet and orator Julius Florus, bids farewell to poetry, describes a day in the life of a Roman writer and discourses on the difficulty of attaining true wisdom. Horace in these works has become less joyful and less poetic. Poets are quarreling, and Rome is no longer an inspiration. It is time for him to abandon poetry for philosophy.

The third book, now called Ars poetica , is conceived as a letter to members of the Piso family.

Critical Analysis

It is not really a systematic history of literary criticism or an exposition of theoretical principles. It is rather a series of insights into writing poetry, choosing genres , and combining genius with craftsmanship. For Horace, writing well means uniting natural predisposition with long study and a solid knowledge of literary genres.

This last named is dedicated to Augustus, from whom there survives a letter to Horace in which the Emperor complains of not having received such a dedication hitherto. By this time Horace was virtually in the position of poet laureate , and in 17 bc he composed the Secular Hymn Carmen saeculare for ancient ceremonies called the Secular Games , which Augustus had revived to provide a solemn, religious sanction for the regime and, in particular, for his moral reforms of the previous year.

The hymn was written in a lyric metre, Horace having resumed his compositions in this form; he next completed a fourth book of 15 Odes, mainly of a more serious and political character than their predecessors. The latest of these poems belongs to 13 bc. During the latter part of his life, Horace had been accustomed to spend the spring and other short periods in Rome, where he appears to have possessed a house. He wintered sometimes by the southern sea and spent much of the summer and autumn at his Sabine farm or sometimes at Tibur Tivoli or Praeneste Palestrina , both a little east of Rome.

He himself confirms his short stature and, describing himself at the age of about 44, states that he was gray before his time, fond of sunshine, and irritable but quickly appeased.

Quintus Horatius Flaccus

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Thank you for your feedback. Horace Roman poet.

He later moved to Rome, where his father was able to provide him with a good education, first in Rome and then in Athens, where he studied Greek and philosophy. Although Horace claimed to have been reduced to poverty, he nevertheless still had the means to purchase a profitable life-time appointment as a scribe and Treasury official, which allowed him to live comfortably and practice his poetic art.

The young Horace attracted the attention of Vergil , and he soon became a member of a literary circle that included Vergil and Lucius Varius Rufus. Through them, he became a close friend of Maecenas himself a friend and confidant of Augustus , who became his patron and presented him with an estate in the Sabine Hills near fashionable Tibur.

He is described as short and fat and prematurely grey. Although he never married, he had a hedonistic tendency and carried on an active sexual life anyway, and was apparently addicted to obscene pictures. He was buried near the tomb of his friend and patron Maecenas. The surviving works of Horace include two books of satires, a book of epodes, four books of odes, three books of letters or epistles, and a hymn. Like most Latin poets, his works make use of Greek metres, especially the hexameter and alcaic and sapphic stanzas.