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I'm not very clear about what cultural analysis is, but it seems probable me that a careful account of emotions within what philosophers call “folk.
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• The development of cross-cultural recognition of vocal emotion during childhood and adolescence
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They further found that female but not male participants held enhanced implicit attitudes toward the apologizing opponent. These findings confirm that apologies can dampen reactive aggression after wrongdoing. Shifting the temporal perspective, Niven et al. Across two studies, they found that the use of interpersonal emotion regulation strategies predicted growth in popularity in work and non-work interactions, although different strategies of interpersonal emotion regulation had differential effects.

Behavioral strategies e. These findings shed new light on the role of emotions in the formation of new relationships. The social signaling function of emotions may be particularly critical in settings where individuals are confronted with potentially threatening or harmful stimuli.

In such circumstances, expressions of fear or pain may serve an important warning function Williams, Accordingly, conscious observation of others' painful facial expressions has been found to increase pain perception in observers and to facilitate behavioral response tendencies. Extending this line of research, Khatibi et al. Furthermore, they found that participants' tendencies to respond faster to targets in a computer task that were preceded by aversive stimulation was especially pronounced when participants were presented with subliminal painful expressions.

This study indicates that even subliminal exposure to painful expressions can increase pain perception and enhance behavioral response tendencies. In a related vein, Khatibi et al. The authors created ambiguous pain expressions by morphing facial expressions of pain with facial expressions of happiness. In an incidental learning task, high but not low pain catastrophizers responded faster to targets appearing at the location predicted by painful expressions than to targets at the location predicted by happy expressions, suggesting that high pain catastrophizers are more likely to interpret ambiguous facial expressions of pain in a negative, pain-related manner.

This interpretation bias was mitigated when explicit cues of threat vs. At the group level of analysis, researchers study how emotional patterns in groups shape the evolution of group norms and goals, group cohesion, differentiation from other groups, and the behavior of individual group members, among other things.

As part of the current research topic, Delvaux et al.

A cross-sectional study and two longitudinal studies point to a positive and bidirectional association between group identification and emotional fit, such that group identification and emotional fit either mutually reinforce or mutually dampen each other over time. This finding sheds new light on the temporal emotional dynamics of group identification.

Group identification tends to develop more readily in groups of physically co-located individuals than in groups of individuals who are situated at different locations and who are communicating via computer-mediated technology. A text chat option provided intermittent communicative emotional expressions to the group, while heart rate visualization showed continuous information about each group member's physiological state and their dyadic linkage to other group members. The opportunity of text chat increased heart rate synchrony regardless of physical presence, whereas heart rate visualization only increased synchrony within non-co-located dyads.

When it comes to using emotional information from fellow group members to make sense of situations, a relevant question is how the emotional expressions of group members are combined. One type of information that may be gleaned from emotional expressions in groups is whether one's behavior is deemed acceptable, with expressions of happiness signaling acceptance and expressions of anger signaling rejection Heerdink et al. Heerdink et al. In two studies, they found that each additional angry reaction linearly increased the extent to which a deviant individual felt rejected.

This felt rejection was found to promote conformity to the group norm when the deviant was motivated to seek reacceptance in the group and the shift toward conformity could be observed by the group. These findings highlight how emotional expressions may act in the interest of group goals by informing members about the desirability of their behavior. Taking an intergroup approach, Furley et al. Drawing on EASI theory Van Kleef, , , Furley and colleagues argued and showed that emotional expressions take on different meanings and invite differential responses depending on whether they are emitted by members of one's own group or a competing outgroup.

In particular, they found that pride expressions by opponents inspired negative emotions and cognitions and pessimistic expectancies regarding the performance of one's own team, whereas pride expressions by teammates instilled more positive emotions, cognitions, and performance expectations. These findings emphasize the importance of the social context in shaping the interpretation of emotional expressions. At the cultural level of analysis, the challenge is to understand the emotional interface between the individual and his or her cultural surroundings, which includes cultural influences on the emotion process as well as the effects of cultural fit on emotional functioning.

Culture-specific patterns of emotions reflect cultural values and priorities Mesquita, Accordingly, individuals within a given culture tend to experience similar patterns of emotions when confronted with similar situations. As such, the extent to which an individual's emotions are similar to the culture's average emotional pattern in the situation reflects his or her adoption of cultural values and priorities.

In their contribution to the current research topic, De Leersnyder et al. They measured emotional fit with culture by comparing respondents' emotional patterns to the average cultural pattern for the same type of situation, comparing individuals from Korea, Belgium, and the United States. The results revealed that psychological well-being was predicted by emotional fit with culture in autonomy-promoting situations at work in the United States, in relatedness-promoting situations at home in Korea, and in both autonomy-promoting and relatedness-promoting situations in Belgium.

These findings suggest that the experience of culturally appropriate patterns of emotions contributes to psychological well-being. The ability to show emotional or behavioral responses that fit with one's culture requires an awareness of prevailing cultural norms and values. Whenever, such norms are not apparent, people may infer them based on the emotional expressions of others Hareli et al.

Hareli et al. Consistent with research at the group level of analysis Heerdink et al. However, whereas people in Germany and Israel were better able to learn the norm based on expressions of anger, people in Greece were better able to learn the norm based on expressions of sadness. These results indicate that the interpersonal effects of emotional expressions vary across cultures, perhaps as a results of the differential appropriateness of certain emotional expressions in different cultural contexts see Van Kleef, There is a growing scholarly awareness that emotions are intrinsically social in that they are typically elicited, expressed, regulated, perceived, interpreted, and responded to in social settings.

It is clear from the articles in this research topic that the study of the social nature of emotions is blossoming. The contributions cover a wide range of exciting new questions that span the individual, dyadic, group, and cultural levels of analysis. However, research at the group and cultural levels of analysis is comparatively underrepresented. This is no doubt due to the fact that such research is often complicated and time-consuming to conduct. These difficulties notwithstanding, research at the group and cultural levels of analysis is critical for our understanding of the social nature of emotions, and we call for more research in these domains.

It is notable that the contributions to this research topic employed a rich variety of methodologies, including correlational, longitudinal, and experimental designs involving behavioral, self-report, cardiovascular, and neurological measures. To reach the next frontier in the study of the social nature of emotions, it will be important to incorporate multiple measures in our research designs so as to facilitate cross-validation and interpretation of findings. Such integration promises to further enhance understanding of how individuals process their own and others' emotions, and how they respond to these emotions as a function of the relational, group, or cultural context.

Preparation of this article was supported by a grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research NWO awarded to the first author. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Adam, H.

Cultural variance in the interpersonal effects of anger in negotiations. Algoe, S.

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Beyond reciprocity: gratitude and relationships in everyday life. Emotion 8, — Barsade, S.

The ripple effect: emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Cheshin, A. Anger and happiness in virtual teams: emotional influences of text and behavior on others' affect in the absence of non-verbal cues. Clark, M. Brewer and M. Hewstone Malden, MA: Blackwell , 21— Reactions to and willingness to express emotion in two types of relationships.

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CrossRef Full Text. Doosje, B. Guilty by association. When one's group has a negative history. Elfenbein, H. When familiarity breeds accuracy: cultural exposure and facial emotion recognition. Emmons, R. Counting blessings versus burdens: an experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Fischer, A. The social costs and benefits of anger as a function of gender and relationship context.

Sex Roles 65, 23— Lewis, J. Haviland, and L. Where have all the people gone? A plea for including social interaction in emotion research. Fridlund, A. Sociality of solitary smiling: Potentiation by an implicit audience. Grandey, A. Emotion display rules at work in the global service economy: the special case of the customer. Guerrero, L. The experience and expression of anger, guilt, and sadness in marriage: An equity theory explanation. Hareli, S. Emotions as signals of normative conduct.

Hatfield, E. Emotional contagion. Heerdink, M. On the social influence of emotions in groups: interpersonal effects of anger and happiness on conformity versus deviance. Hess, U.