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What started as a typical winter morning for Jasper, turned out to be the day his whole life would change by a beautiful stranger stranded in a snow storm.
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The researchers also draw on their own class, gender and familial positioning to explore, question or confirm their interpretations. As they note, these processes always carry a risk of projection from the researcher onto the research subject. They suggest that this risk was mitigated by the fact that each of the researchers was in psychoanalytic psychotherapy throughout the period of the research, which acted both as a support and as training for this kind of work.

Miller, Hoggett and Mayo extend this point, foregrounding the potential dangers of troubling the fantasies that defend us from unconscious anxiety. The problem of interpretation, of claiming to know on behalf of another or of claiming to know oneself, hovers throughout these methodological debates.

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The aim of an analysis, they suggest, should be to open out possible meanings of a narrative, rather than to fix an interpretation from a position of supposed expertise: to interrupt rather than to interpret. In her contribution to a recent collection of work in the emerging field of Lacanian discourse analysis Parker and Pavon Cuellar, , Young offers a re-reading of her own written analysis of a research interview, to suggest what this interruption to interpretation might look like.

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She first traces three discourses she deployed in the writing: a set of signifiers of gender and masculinity, a set of signifiers of affect, and finally the expert discourse of psychoanalysis. She scrutinizes, for example, the shift from tentative language in the initial sections, to the certainty of the final claims, which are couched in the discourse of psychoanalysis. She thus reveals how her initial text acted to close down meanings at the level of the signifier, and in doing so seeks to open them out once again.

This Lacanian scratching at the never-ending openness of the signifier aims to unsettle subjectivity at the point of its necessary formation within the discourse of the Other Young, ibid, p. For Walkerdine et al, fantasy appears to emerge as a defensive structure that distorts our perception of reality in order to keep anxiety at bay. Affective experience, they suggest, provides clues that may help to interpret and correct this fantasmatic distortion of reality.

From a Lacanian perspective, this account does not pay enough attention to the way fantasy configures the relations between signifiers to mediate affectivity. The Lacanian distinction between the necessarily fantasmatic engagement of the subject in reality and the inaccessibility of the Real is conceptually important. Subjectivity only appears within the signifying structures of language reality ; the Real, in contrast, is the site of overwhelming anxiety, unmediated affect and the disappearance of legible subjectivity see for example Pavon-Cuellar, ; Lacan, The fantasmatic structuring of symbolic relations between signifiers is what reconstitutes the unsymbolisable affectivity of the Real as desire, and channels its articulation in language.

This structuring of symbolic relations between signifiers permits the indeterminate formation of the subject and its engagement in everyday reality. The signifier and its symbolic relations are thus necessarily the focus for engaging or shifting, as opposed to correcting, fantasmatic fixations. In this paper, then, I want to explore the possible uses of the signifier as a focus for reflexivity in research. I am interested in the role the signifier might play in the encounter between a researcher and a research participant; and in the risks and inevitabilities of intervening in the specific fantasmatic signifying patterns that constitute these subjectivities within a wider symbolic network of signifying systems.

I want to begin by offering an example from psychoanalysis, as a starting point for thinking about the materiality of the signifier, and what it might mean to intervene at the level of the signifier within qualitative research. This materiality is what needs to be grasped to think about word as signifier, or signifier as signifier: to begin to separate a word from its apparent meanings. I want to suggest the methodological significance of recognizing the materiality of the signifier as signifier; and the way this aspect of our use of language so easily slips out of our grasp.

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As a first illustration of what this might mean, I am beginning with a story told by a patient about her psychoanalysis with Lacan. She describes a moment when Lacan responded to the materiality, to the sound of a word in her speech: One day, in a session, I was telling Lacan about a dream I had. At that moment Lacan jumped up from his chair, came towards me, and gave me an extremely gentle caress on my cheek. A very tender gesture, it has to be said — an extraordinarily tender gesture.

When we notice this openness, we can also begin to understand that the fixed meanings we attach to signifiers can always be understood, at one level, as fantasy. The account draws our attention to the possibility for change associated with this interruption, but also to the delicacy of this mode of intervention.

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Before moving on to explore these processes in a research interview, I also want to note the processes of closure in my own account. The same instance of practice might be explained through alternative conceptual frameworks. Experimenting with the signifier in the research relationship In these final sections I want to examine an instance from a recent interview based project, developed with Jason Glynos, that set out to explore the structure of fantasy by experimenting with a Lacanian notion of intervention at the level of the signifier.

In order to do this we experimented with a range of techniques for producing and exploring free associative material with our interview participants. Since our specific objective was to develop ways of exploring fantasy, from a Lacanian perspective, within empirical social research, our focus in planning our approach to the interviews was explicitly on the use of signifiers, and on ways in which we might draw our participants attention to other meanings and ambiguities in their speech see Fink, , p.

We also attempted to avoid responding to the material except at the level of language, or signifier.


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We interpreted this injunction in a variety of ways in planning and carrying out the interviews, with the aim of opening up meanings to facilitate free association. Our participants were four teaching assistants, working at different schools, but all in the final year of a part time BA in Education Studies. The topic we were exploring was pay and remuneration, and we were interested in the fantasies that sustain engagement in often poorly remunerated professional practice. We planned a series of group and individual interviews.

We then interviewed each participant individually, using words and phrases from the prior group interview to prompt further associations. In the second group interview we experimented with a range of prompts for further free associative writing and speaking; and similarly in the final individual interviews we explored a range of approaches to elicit additional professional and biographical material.

The final interviews also included a question which invited participants to reflect on the experience of participating in the project. I want to explore the interaction between i an initial trajectory that interprets fantasy, within the interview, as a defense against difficult emotions, ii my own interventions within the interview, and iii a question it is possible to posit at the level of the signifier that might disrupt the initial interpretation of fantasy as defense. At the beginning of her first individual interview, asked to say whatever came to her mind about the first group interview, Mary produced a fluent chain of associations.

She began by referring to a discussion about bonuses in the group interview, but moved on to talk at length about the status and pay of cleaners. She moved on to talk about pay and conditions in her own cleaning job, which she did alongside her role as a teaching assistant. My sense was that alongside a political discourse of pay and exploitation I was getting a slightly confused combination of negative images, of both cleaning and working with children, that were either associated with others e.

But she had been cleaning for thirty years.


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  8. And she could hardly breathe. She was sitting there and she could hardly breathe. And then she was given this plant, which probably cost about five or ten pounds. However, because of the ease with which the negative images surfaced, alongside more mundane comments recognizing the everyday difficulties associated with both cleaning and working with children, this would appear to be a relatively loose or transient fantasy. Why might it not sit 4 I listened back to this potentially quite challenging intervention, and it seemed to me to be voiced with care — steadily or gently.

    However, a conceptual framework that foregrounds the relation between language and desire also foregrounds the potential sensitivity of this kind of intervention. Who would have thought, right? There will be no customs forms at the border but hold onto your accommodation stubs for dear life. We arrived at the Uzbek border by train, an extremely interesting and long journey from the ancient Silk Road city of Turkestan, Kazakhstan which was 8 hours but only km in distance by the way. The customs guards asked a lot of questions but were friendly enough.

    While in Uzbekistan, however, we needed to provide our passports to every accommodation host to fill in cards which we had to protect with our lives, and hand back to customs officers upon departure oddly, some were filled out merely on sticky notes.

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    The customs officer asked a lot of questions in a very serious tone, as my husband waited for me wondering why I was held up. I answered question after question nervously. Finally, the officer suddenly smiled broadly, wished me a pleasant journey, and hoped I would return to his country someday. Even up to the very last second, the beautiful country of Uzbekistan did not fail to surprise me.

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