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Author: Williams, Helen Maria, Title: Letters from France: containing many new anecdotes relative to the French Revolution, and the present state of.
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He understood that abundance could corrupt as well as liberate. Nor was he any champion of rugged individualism. He regarded social bonds as essential to sustained prosperity in the new land. In his second letter, he lovingly describes the cooperative activity of bees, quail, cattle, pigeons, hornets, and wasps in order to cast sociability as a natural imperative. The key moment in his success comes not through his individual exertions but when neighbors gather to help him to clear two acres of land and to build his first log cabin.

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They work voluntarily, receiving only food and drink, because all recognize their mutual need for support. He helped others as generously as others had helped him. Their secret lay not in an abundant land but in the culture of its people, which promoted mutual support and hard work. Far richer than Nantucket, Charles Town was an especially festive city of wealthy planters and merchants devoted to self-indulgence and self-illusion. He suffered this excruciating death as punishment for rebelling against slavery by killing his overseer.

Always at a crossroads, America could become either Nantucket or Charles Town.


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Too much freedom and too easy a subsistence threatened to barbarize the newcomers rather than redeem them. There men appear to be no better than carnivorous animals of a superior rank, living on the flesh of wild animals when they can catch them. During the war, passions suddenly erupted to silence reason and dissolve sociability, dividing communities and families. I am conscious that I was happy before this unfortunate revolution. I feel that I am no longer so; therefore I regret the change.

He despised the Patriots for provoking an unnecessary conflict and for persecuting their wavering neighbors to compel their support for the war. And he derided the British for recruiting Indians to ravage the American settlements, indiscriminately killing Loyalists as well as Patriots, women and children as well as men. It is for the sake of the great leaders on both sides that so much blood must be spilt; that of the people is counted as nothing.

Great events are not achieved for us, though it is by us that they are principally accomplished, by the arms, the sweat, [and] the lives of the people. Instead he depicted all human societies as perched precariously atop volcanoes of selfish passions.

Letters Written in France

We are but the herrings of a large shoal, driven here and there and devoured by the great porpoises of the sea. Born in Normandy in , he was the son of a minor local nobleman with deep roots in the province. Enlisting in the French colonial force, he became a military engineer who specialized in making maps.

Sometimes they praised his maps and courage; more often they hint that he was an odd duck who did not get on well with them. Many other former officers forsook the service but remained in Francophone Quebec. He reached New York City in late , but surviving records reveal nothing more until , when he was naturalized as a British colonial subject under a new name. By becoming Hector St. John, he obscured his French origins. Sometimes he went by James Hector St. He briefly revived his French Catholic baptismal name in , when he married in a Protestant service Mehetable Tippett, the daughter of a wealthy landowner in Westchester County.


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  7. We can only wonder how a French newcomer and a recent military foe without evident property won his way into a prosperous and long-standing family in a rural county. Louis on the Mississippi.

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    But the evidence for the travels primarily comes from his highly literary and much later publications, which are often sketchy in details and flamboyant in broader claims. He apparently borrowed from, and elaborated upon, travelogues by other writers: a common practice in his time.

    He avoided writing to his French relatives, who knew neither his whereabouts nor whether he still lived. Instead he corresponded widely with gentlemen in New York City and England.

    WAR LETTERS: DEATH - France | leondumoulin.nl

    He would Receive upward of Twenty Letters by one packet [ship] from England. Impressed by the prosperity of the free colonists, he saw no good grounds for rebelling against the British Empire, which offered greater freedom, prosperity, and naval protection than any other empire. The government and the National Assembly were so terror-struck by the vote of the 10th of March, and by the repeated proofs of mutinous spirit in the army, that they dared not come immediately to any conclusion.

    They resolved upon passing new repressive laws, a list of which I gave you in my last; but if the ministry and some of the leaders of the majority had confidence in these measures, the mass of the members had not, and even the government very soon lost its confidence again. Thus, the more stringent of these repressive laws were not brought forward, and even those that were--the laws on the press and on electoral meetings--met with a very doubtful reception from the majority. The Socialist party, on the other hand, did not Profit by the victory as it ought to have done.

    The reason for this is very plain. This party consists not only of the working men, but it includes, now, the great mass of the shopkeeping class too, a class whose socialism is indeed a great deal tamer than that of the proletarians. The shopkeepers and small tradesmen know very well that their own salvation from ruin is entirely dependent upon the emancipation of the proletarians; that their interests are indissolubly tied up with those of the working men.

    But they know also, that if the proletarians conquered political power by a revolution, they, the shopkeepers, would be entirely set aside, and be reduced to accept from the hands of the working class any thing they might give them. If the present government on the contrary, be overthrown by peaceful means, the shopkeepers and small tradesmen, being the least obnoxious of the classes now in opposition, would very quietly step in and take hold of the government, giving, at the same time, the working people as small a share of it as possible.

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    The small trading class, then, were quite as much terrified at their own victory as the government was at its own defeat. They saw a revolution starting up before their eyes, and they strove immediately to prevent it. There was a means for this ready at hand. Citizen Vidal, in addition to being elected for Paris, had been elected for the Lower Rhine too.

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    They managed to make him accept for the Lower Rhine, and thus there is to be a new election in Paris. But it is evident, that as long as there is an opportunity given to the people to obtain peaceful victories, they will never raise their cry "to arms"; or if, nevertheless, provoked into an emeute, they will fight with very little chance of victory.

    Writing an informal letter (personal writing) - French VCE text types

    The new election was fixed for the 28th of this month; and the government immediately profited by the favourable position created by the amiable shopocracy. Ministers disinterred old police regulations, in order to expel from Paris a number of working men, for the moment without work; and showed that they could do even without the proposed law against electoral meetings, by directly putting a stop to all of them.

    The people knowing that the day before an election, they could not fight to any advantage, submitted. The social and democratic press, entirely in the hands of the shopocracy, of course did every thing to keep them quiet.