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Discover How Nerves Translate Different Types of Touch Sensations [Slide Show]. The nerves in our body specialize in sensing particular.
Table of contents
- Neuroscience For Kids
- A TOUCH OF NERVES by D.C. Hampton | Kirkus Reviews
- Brain and Nervous System
- The senses of touch
The cerebellum — also called the "little brain" because it looks like a small version of the cerebrum — is responsible for balance, movement, and coordination. The pons and the medulla, along with the midbrain, are often called the brainstem. The brainstem takes in, sends out, and coordinates the brain's messages. It also controls many of the body's automatic functions, like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, digestion, and blinking.
The basic workings of the nervous system depend a lot on tiny cells called neurons. The brain has billions of them, and they have many specialized jobs. For example, sensory neurons send information from the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin to the brain. Motor neurons carry messages away from the brain to the rest of the body. All neurons relay information to each other through a complex electrochemical process, making connections that affect the way you think, learn, move, and behave.
Intelligence, learning, and memory. As you grow and learn, messages travel from one neuron to another over and over, creating connections, or pathways, in the brain.
Neuroscience For Kids
It's why driving takes so much concentration when someone first learns it, but later is second nature: The pathway became established. In young children, the brain is highly adaptable. In fact, when one part of a young child's brain is injured, another part often can learn to take over some of the lost function. But as you age, the brain has to work harder to make new neural pathways, making it harder to master new tasks or change set behavior patterns.
That's why many scientists believe it's important to keep challenging the brain to learn new things and make new connections — it helps keeps the brain active over the course of a lifetime. Memory is another complex function of the brain.
A TOUCH OF NERVES by D.C. Hampton | Kirkus Reviews
The things you've done, learned, and seen are first processed in the cortex. Then, if you sense that this information is important enough to remember permanently, it's passed inward to other regions of the brain such as the hippocampus and amygdala for long-term storage and retrieval.
As these messages travel through the brain, they too create pathways that serve as the basis of memory. Different parts of the cerebrum move different body parts. The left side of the brain controls the movements of the right side of the body, and the right side of the brain controls the movements of the left side of the body.
When you press your car's accelerator with your right foot, for example, it's the left side of your brain that sends the message allowing you to do it. Basic body functions. A part of the peripheral nervous system called the autonomic nervous system controls many of the body processes you almost never need to think about, like breathing, digestion, sweating, and shivering.
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The autonomic nervous system has two parts: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for sudden stress, like if you witness a robbery. When something frightening happens, the sympathetic nervous system makes the heart beat faster so that it sends blood quickly to the different body parts that might need it. It also causes the adrenal glands at the top of the kidneys to release adrenaline, a hormone that helps give extra power to the muscles for a quick getaway.
This process is known as the body's "fight or flight" response. The parasympathetic nervous system does the opposite: It prepares the body for rest.
Brain and Nervous System
It also helps the digestive tract move along so our bodies can efficiently take in nutrients from the food we eat. Sight probably tells us more about the world than any other sense. Light entering the eye forms an upside-down image on the retina. The retina transforms the light into nerve signals for the brain.
The senses of touch
The brain then turns the image right-side up and tells you what you're seeing. Every sound you hear is the result of sound waves entering your ears and making your eardrums vibrate. These vibrations then move along the tiny bones of the middle ear and turn into nerve signals. The cortex then processes these signals, telling you what you're hearing.
The tongue contains small groups of sensory cells called taste buds that react to chemicals in foods. Taste buds react to sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory. The taste buds send messages to the areas in the cortex responsible for processing taste. This is inaccurate, since what we call touch actually comprises several distinct sensory systems. Mammals sense pain and temperature changes via a primordial system of nerve cells that run within the spinal cord and brain. This system can signal the temperature in the environment or the presence of harmful stimuli, and typically trigger behaviours in the search of a suitable and safe environment.
Discriminative touch, a neural process operating in pathways well separated from these primordial systems, allows us and other mammals to localise tactile stimuli on our skin. These sensors are incredibly sensitive: they can recognise tiny details of external materials, identify the shapes of objects and allow blind people to read Braille. These nerve cells belong anatomically and evolutionarily to the more primordial sensory system of the skin, together with pain and temperature sensors.
Although known in humans for several decades , CT afferents continue to reveal new secrets. This may explain the prevalence of social grooming allogrooming in many primate species. Those same areas of the brain that respond to caressing also receive sensory input from internal parts of the body interoception. Because CT afferents help mediate the interaction between the physical world and the internal world of the brain, hopes are high for their explanatory power.
They might even aid our understanding of such phenomena as pain perception, body image distortions, out-of-body experiences, neurodevelopmental disorders and placebo effects.
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