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- The Most Influential Living Philosophers
- Business, the Universe & Everything: Conversations with the World's Greatest Management Thinkers
- The 50 Most Influential Living Philosophers | The Best Schools
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The Most Influential Living Philosophers
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Business, the Universe & Everything: Conversations with the World's Greatest Management Thinkers
Austin, the famous philosopher of language, at Oxford, before earning a PhD. Nagel might be most famous for his aforementioned essay, in which he refutes the materialist reductionist view of consciousness that dominated the field of philosophy of mind at the time, promoting a subjectivist approach. To simplify, what Nagel argues is that even though we may be able to objectively describe the physical processes that produce what we understand as consciousness, that does not enable us to describe consciousness itself, as consciousness is a subjective mental experience.
We can study a bat, understand how its brain works, but say nothing objective about its consciousness; rather, we are limited to speaking about only our own consciousness, as we are limited to subjective experience. The thought experiment presented in the essay has been very influential in the debate about what we can and cannot claim when discussing the mind and consciousness.
More recently, Nagel has stirred up controversy in his book Mind and Cosmos by continuing to argue against reductionism, this time in the form of the Neo-Darwinist account of the emergence of life. Though not arguing from religion he is an atheist and not arguing for a theory of intelligent design, Nagel claims that the theory of natural selection alone cannot account for the existence of consciousness.
Jean-Luc Nancy received his Ph. He eventually became a Professor at the University of Strasbourg, and, though he is now retired, continues to add publication credits to his already lengthy bibliography. His approach is associated with continental philosophy and deconstructionism, and his work is primarily focused in ontology and literary criticism.
Martha Nussbaum earned her Ph.
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Working in the analytic school of philosophy, Nussbaum is has primarily focused on political philosophy, ethics including animal rights , and feminism. On top of all of that, Nussbaum has been awarded 51 honorary degrees.
The 50 Most Influential Living Philosophers | The Best Schools
Nussbaum has drawn on ancient Roman and Greek philosophy in order to make her arguments, such as in her books The Fragility of Goodness: Somewhat due to this focus, Nussbaum testified in the Colorado bench trial for the landmark U. Supreme Court case Romer v. More recently, Nussbaum has analyzed the role that disgust plays in laws concerning LGBTQ rights, and the debate of the issues, in her book From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law.
Oderberg has worked in the areas of metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of religion, but is perhaps best known for his particularly conservative moral philosophy. In his book influential Applied Ethics , Oderberg argues against notable moral philosopher Peter Singer, and contemporary utilitarian and consequentialist approaches to moral philosophy. For Oderberg, a fetus is an innocent life, and abortion and euthanasia are equivalent to contract killing.
Oderberg has also been in the forefront of philosophers interested in renewing traditional i. Alvin Plantinga received his PhD.
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As a student, Graham Priest studied more mathematics than philosophy, and earned a Ph. His work is primarily focused in logic, and he has been widely published with an estimated papers to his name, in addition to six books. John Searle received his Ph. Earlier in his career, Searle focused specifically on philosophy of language, particularly the work of J.
In his book Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language Searle developed what came to be known as speech-act theory, taking a very systematic approach to investigating the relationship between illocutionary acts and meaning; this would later lead to a major debate with Jacques Derrida. Depending on what you read and where you study, Searle may be more notable for his influential work in philosophy of mind.
Peter Simons earned his Ph. His writing primarily focuses on metaphysics and ontology, as seen in his book Parts: Though he only has two books to his name, Simons has published over two hundred articles. In his work, Simons has been influential in his particular concern with the application of metaphysics and ontology to non-philosophical disciplines, especially in engineering. Peter Singer received an M.
Singer specializes in applied ethics, and is best known for his contemporary utilitarianism. Being a specialist in applied ethics, Singer has been influential not just through his books and articles, but through his actions. Singer is a very popular moral philosopher, both in and out of academia, and because of his fame, influence, outspokenness and moral stance, Singer has garnered controversy and protest, especially among conservative groups. Singer evaluates how the individual interests of living beings should be weighed, concluding that they do not all garner equal treatment.
Singer is a strong advocate of altruism, arguing that our goal should be to reduce suffering in the most effective way possible. Singer is also a major advocate of animal rights, and his book Animal Liberation has been very influential to the modern animal liberation movement. As an undergraduate, Barry Smith studied mathematics and philosophy at the University of Oxford, before earning his Ph. As evidenced from his professorial titles, Smith occupies both the role of philosopher and scientist, blending the two areas of study through his dual focus on ontology and biomedical informatics.
Smith has published articles in as many scientific publications has he has in philosophical publications, and his approach can be roughly described as applied ontology, as opposed to the very theoretical approach that is usually associated with ontology. Army and Air Force. Though he has written on metaphysics and philosophy of mind, Sosa is primarily an epistemologist.
Virtue epistemology represents a renewed philosophical interest in the concept of virtue, introducing intellectual virtues as a way to resolve the debate between foundationalism and coherentism. Finding problems with both schools of thought, Sosa put forth virtue epistemology, foregoing formulaic expressions that are designed to explain knowledge and instead applying virtue theory to human intellect, using virtue as the basis for assessing what is and is not knowledge.
As virtue is based on the qualities of the individual, virtue ethics is person-based, rather than belief-based, and so, takes a more relativist approach to answering the Gettier problem. Helen Steward , who earned her Ph. In her work she is primarily concerned with free will, and combines philosophy of mind, metaphysics, philosophy of action, and ontology.
In her major book A Metaphysics for Freedom , Steward develops this approach, arguing against a determinist theory of free will as both a problem for human and animal action. Through her ideas, Steward has been influential to the development of the post-humanist approach in philosophy and critical theory. Charles Taylor earned his doctorate degree in philosophy from Oxford in , and holds the title of Professor Emeritus at McGill University.
His work is primarily focused in political philosophy, philosophy of social science, the history of philosophy, and in the later portion of his career, philosophy of religion. Taylor argues for communitarianism, claiming that we as individuals have obligations and responsibilities beyond ourselves to our communities.
Taylor is largely concerned with identity and the self, in relation to the societies that surround us, and he has been influential in defining how we conceive of ourselves in the modern world. Rather than human nature being universal and unchanging, it is contingent on society and history. Amie Thomasson received her Ph. Thomasson combines the areas of aesthetics, ontology, metaphysics, philosophy of mind, and phenomenology in her work, arguing against metaphysical skepticism. Rather than offer a complex, highly abstract rebuttal of such arguments, Thomasson has provided a simpler though not to imply insignificant answer: This goal is clearly identified in her recent book, Ontology Made Easy Judith Jarvis Thomson received her Ph.
Her work is primarily focused on metaphysics and moral philosophy, in which she uses metaphysics to argue and support moral philosophical claims. Thomson has contributed a great deal to the areas of meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics, with much of her work arguing for personal bodily autonomy. Her books and articles focus on the moral and metaphysical issues of action and agency, and, more concretely, on topics like assisted suicide, self-defense, preferential hiring, and abortion. In the thought experiment, Thomson argues by analogy from a hypothetical situation that each person has a right to bodily autonomy, and to infringe on that right is immoral, whether it is a comatose violinist depending on another person for life-support, or a fetus.
Peter Unger studied under A. Ayer at Oxford University and earned his Ph. He is well known for his book Ignorance: A Case for Skepticism in which he defends philosophical skepticism arguing, basically, that we do not know anything, and cannot claim to know anything, a stance that he has continued to defend in his suggestively titled Empty Ideas: A Critique of Analytic Philosophy He is the only philosopher on this list defending such views.
Unger is also famous for his controversial book on applied ethics, Living High and Letting Die , inspired by Peter Singer, in which he has argued that citizens of first-world countries are morally obligated to donate all money and possessions that they do not require beyond what is necessary for bare survival to charity organizations that will help citizens of third-world countries. Moreover, they are morally obligated to ensure others do the same, even if this requires them to lie, cheat, or steal.
Peter van Inwagen earned his Ph. Van Inwagen is notable for his work in metaphysics, philosophy of religion, the problem of free will, and was the President of the Society of Christian Philosophers from to Van Inwagen may be best known for his arguing in favor of an incompatibalist understanding of free will, at a time in which compatibilism was significantly more popular in philosophy. In An Essay on Free Will van Inwagen argued that, if we actually have free will, it is incompatible with determinism.
Following from this, van Inwagen has been influential in re-popularizing metaphysical libertarianism not the same as the political theory as an alternative view, arguing that free will is real, and so determinism is false. Cornel West earned a Ph.