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Image by Jeremy Brooks, The measurement of waste makes waste a particular type of thing; waste does not preexist its categorization and measurement. Yet, there is nothing inherent about the chemical compound that makes it hazardous waste or not at one regulatory limit versus the other. While we are not invested in defining what is and is not waste, since this varies considerably between cultures, times, and contexts, we are invested in seeing how different definitions and techniques of identifying waste impact the world differently.

MacBride looked deeply into the numbers that allow San Francisco to claim one of the highest recycling rates in the world, since MacBride was invested into following suit in her own jurisdiction. But instead, she found that:. They consist of recycled paper, metal, glass and plastic; and organics collected for composting green sections. Disposed municipal refuse originating from households and non-industrial businesses is in the black sections.


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San Francisco is unusual in calculating and reporting diversion including large tonnages shown in the grey section of the graph inert construction materials used as fill, and biosolids applied to land. I present details below, but the bottom line is this. This is not a case of duplicity, but an example of how waste practices, morals, and imaginaries are made through measurement. Other posts on this topic include how per capita measurements amount of waste generated per person hamstring environmental justice arguments , while some sewage metrics can spur action also see Pine and Liboiron, Figure 5.

These plastics are smaller than a grain of rice, and will exist in geological time because of the strength of their molecular bonds. Photo by Max Liboiron. Materialities matter. Not all waste is created equal. They can be toxic, long lasting, and made of complex, often unknown, components. These materialities matter because they dictate how waste travels through environments and economies, whether and how it is dangerous or causes harm, and the sorts of systems and politics they are entangled in.

For example, it can make sense to group disposable plastics with nuclear waste and waste in outer space if we are thinking about longevity, because these materials exist in geological time and will outlast the human species. Materialities matter, in part, because they dictate the movements of waste.

The toxicity of plastics and other materials is also a serious problem for concepts like the circular economy , which assumes all wasted materials can be brought back into economic and consumption cycles also see Gregson et al. Researchers have even found that if you literally follow waste objects around , rather than assuming that they circulate in a certain way from an abstract position, you end up in unexpected places where materials transform from, for example, e-waste to jewelry.

Finally, paying attention to materiality and material practices is crucial for politics. For example, recycling is a fundamentally different material process than reuse and results in the use of virgin materials, requires energy, and makes pollution, but they two are conflated constantly as the same kind of moral good.

Likewise, toxins and toxicants are two very different types of things , each with fundamentally different forms and scales of harm, but they too are often conflated as the same type of immoral thing. In each case, the difference is not merely one of semantics, but of being able to recognize the vastly different politics, stakes, and infrastructures in each. These nuances are crucial to discard studies. Figure 6. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.


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    6. Waste and pollution are about power. In July , China stopped accepting imports of plastic, paper, and other recyclable wastes. Within weeks, recycling systems in Canada, Europe, the US, and elsewhere were in disarray with nowhere to ship their recyclable discards. This disruption of the global recycling market illustrates how waste is made through relations between centers and peripheries and how the coherence of the center is dependent on the periphery.

    That is, the center is kept clean by externalizing waste to peripheries. Concepts such as sacrifice zones , reproductive injustice Hoover et al.

    Social studies of waste, pollution & externalities

    Writing about pollution, Liboiron, Tironi, and Calvillo write:. See Us Live. Live Dates. Meet The Band. New Album. Latest Band News. Technology and music. Technology and music When it comes to technology to "create a sound", most times for The Why Store less is more.

    The why of reality

    Sharing the stage with legends. Sharing the stage with legends The Why Store has been blessed to share the stage with many recording artists. Children mature when they no longer depend on parents to provide all their needs. Likewise, mature employees become agents for their own development. Duncan: In the spirit of the Olympic athlete in Chariots of Fire , how can a person find abundant forms of accomplishment?

    The Why Axis

    Insight, Achievement, Connection, Empowerment. Ulrich: Defining what matters most or what success looks like is an easy question that is not simple to answer. Success varies by person and over time for any individual person. Olympic athletes like Eric Liddell of Chariots of Fire fame, started with success in his achievements I can run fast enough to win the medal , but then morphed to insight I run to find the pleasure God granted me , and ultimately to empower others I can help others run to find their purpose.

    Can a philosopher explain reality and make-believe to a child? | Aeon Essays

    What can be done to create a workplace that fosters those kinds of relationships? People with the skills to create and maintain friendship will likely experience less stress at home, increased effectiveness with customers, and improved communications throughout the organization. He found that people are most likely to rise to power when they have qualities like kindness, good listening, concern for the greater good, enthusiasm, focus, high empathy, and humility.

    He also found that once people are in power positions, those qualities too often take a back seat to self-entitlement, indifference to the plight of others, negative interruptions in conversation, and ignoring even basic politeness.

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    When a leader manages to hold on to his or her humanity and humility even when in the power seat, modeling the highest ideals we have for ourselves as human beings, others want to join that team. Humility is at the heart of a growth mindset that encourages and models learning instead of defensiveness in the face of setbacks, paving the way for creativity and resilience.

    Duncan: Conflict, even if rare, is inevitable in most any work setting. But conflict can also be destructive if not handled with fairness, respect, and good will. If we are contemptuous, critical, or cruel we can expect to get defensiveness and anger in return. If we are calm, curious, and compassionate as we try to both explain our point of view and listen to others, conflict can help us get to better outcomes for all.

    Ulrich: Take a careful look at your deepest values for how to treat other people especially in the face of disagreement , what matters most in life, what problems you like to solve or want to solve, or what personal strengths are most meaningful to you to contribute to others. Then actively look for ways to live those values, even in small ways, in the everyday work you do.

    Living with meaning and purpose is not easy. It may not make us happy in the moment. It requires self-reflection, effort, getting our hands dirty, and struggling with problems that can make us feel frustrated and inadequate.