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As Richard Frye mentions,. The small states in the Fertile Crescent, which favored the decentralized 'feudal' form of government of Parthia, developed greatly as mercantile centers of international trade. The first two centuries of our era was an age of commerce, and the oasis states of the 'Fertile Crescent' flourished as never previously.

Curtis, Rome sought to dominate the Eastern Mediterranean region with the help of client kings.

Trade Routes of Palestine

Augustus then granted the vital city of Gaza just south of Caesarea to Herod. The products of southern Arabia traveled by camel to Gaza and farther, to ports in Phoenicia. As one of those ports, Caesarea was well situated to receive those goods, in addition to products coming up from the Red Sea. From the northeast coast of Africa, as far south at Cape Guardafui, came ivory and tortoiseshell. Goods like silks, decorated cotton; and spices like pepper, cinnamon, and cassia - coming from India, Indonesia, and Southern China - also arrived by way of the Red Sea.

As Gary Young points out, incense was carried from Petra by road to Gaza By establishing Caesarea and owning Petra and Gaza with its diverse markets, Rome was in a position to not only dominate Mediterranean commerce and eastern trade flows but also overland trade to consumer cities in the southeastern Mediterranean region, like Bostra, Samaria, and Jerusalem.


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It wisely preserved the cities, lands, and roads it received. Their possession of Armenia and possible access to the Black Sea and control of Hyrcania and the Caspian Sea gave them access to Central Asian markets. Their takeover of Persis and cities like Antioch-in-Persis on the Persian Gulf meant access to Indian markets by way of water. With it came Bagdad and Seleucia as gateways to the west; then stretching east to include Bactria , a neighbor of India, access to eastern markets were now direct and lucrative.

Products like nard, costus, cinnamon, ginger, and pepper, came to the Mediterranean by the overland caravan route through northwest India, Afghanistan, and Iran to Seleucia near modern-day Baghdad, where it followed routes along the Tigris and Euphrates to northern Mesopotamia.

Silk road map black and white middle east

From there it split west to Antioch or on to Asia Minor to reach the sea at Ephesus. From here camels took the merchandise to Seleucia. These were all countries, cities, districts, or trade routes, that Parthia in its heyday, either traded with or controlled. In addition, trade with China was a real possibility. According to Wang Tao, "We now know that, as early as the third millennium BCE, a network [of roads] already existed in the Eurasian steppe land, stretching from the Caspian Sea in the west, to the Tarim Basin in the east" The exchange of token trade items between the Parthian king and the Chinese representatives may have set a precedent for broader trade deals in the future.

We do know that remains at a Parthian tomb at Palmyra, erected during the first three centuries CE, were covered with costly clothing from China and India. As a competitor of Rome, the strength of the Parthian military was sticking to a strategy of picking their fights carefully: on open ground that favored their heavy cavalry and horse archers. Their use of ambush also served them well, but the Roman use of shields and swords, in close interlocked formation, made the Roman army an immovable force difficult to reckon with. When both sides stuck to their tactics, success was usually the outcome.

With significant successes and losses by each side, the war between Rome and Parthia is generally agreed to have been a stalemate. This gave Parthia the distinction of being the only force Rome, in its ascendancy, could not defeat. Parthia also competed with similar success when it came to commercial activity. While Rome over time garnered the southern trade routes in the Middle East, Parthia controlled the northern trade routes through Mesopotamia. As Parthia consolidated its empire reaching to China and India, markets and trade routes were opened to include central Asia and trade through the Persian Gulf.

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Parthia: Rome's Ablest Competitor. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified September 30, Ancient History Encyclopedia, 30 Sep Submitted by Patrick Scott Smith, M. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms.

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Please support Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation. Thank you! Silver Coin of a Parthian King. Remove Ads Advertisement. Editorial Review This article has been reviewed for accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards prior to publication. On my very last night that trip, though, I ended up randomly changing hostels and discovered a beautiful place:. Knowing that I was going to be back for a week this year, then, it was of course my first choice to base out of while I was in town.

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The vibe of the place is beautiful, with musical instruments hanging all around and plenty of people played them over my stay and several different gardens and common areas around the hostel. Not only is eating out expensive, but a man can only eat so much schnitzel! All the pots and pans I needed, plus a bunch of spices that the hostel refills whenever they run out. Perhaps my only real complaint, if you can even call it that?

The common areas may actually be TOO social. Hostel dorms — airy and comfortable in spite of the Backpacker Bag Explosion. Even the biggest room, a bed dorm, splits into two at night to shut out some of the noise and light. My stay was sponsored in part by Hostel Ruthensteiner , but I got in contact with them because I already knew that I liked the place. All opinions expressed here are very genuinely my own. This stuff is actually available on almost any waterfront promenade in town, especially around the Galata Bridge where proper sit-down restraunts compete with tied-up boats whose chefs balance on the waves without ever seeming to lose one of those fresh filets from the grill.

My favorite spot though? It always comes back to street food. Just on the north side of the Galata Bridge, beside the pier for ferries up the Golden Horn, two dudes with griddles churn out a steady business in what may be the best fish sandwich in Europe OR Asia. Take it with a little bit of lemon sauce, a dash of salt, and a whole lot of crunchy baguette. In fact, these Balik Ekmek are such an Istanbul food that even during the riots up around Taksim there were masked street chefs keeping the people happy and fed even as the smell of tear gas rolled uphill from Besiktas.

I think I had three that night. Fresh fish, filling food, straight from the street. Little bit TOO fishy for you? Consider having Dinner with a Local Turkish Family instead. The entrances to burial crypts dot one of the steep hillsides that lead down to Lissos, and the smell of death pervades the air. After setting up camp in a clearing near the still-intact church of Agios Kyrikos, the fall of darkness changed the whole feel of Lissos.

The Journey Along The Silk Road

The next morning, an overcast beginning to an overcast day, the spell was broken. The site was still beautiful, of course, but the magic of being alone with the historic ruins to myself was gone. If the Desert Safari was my favorite day in Hurghada, the Sinbad Submarine experience was undoubtedly the most novel. The introduction to Sinbad is sort of underwhelming, with a cheesy waiting area and a 30 min boat ride with free water and juice but not a whole lot more than that do do.

Get to the Sinbad Submarine docks, though, and that changes.


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I actually did this twice, once for Egypt Excursions Online and once for another company all within the umbrella of taking photos for GetYourGuide. Both experiences were good, but of course without the novelty the second was less interesting. In fact, by the time it was over I was well ready to get back to MY resort and hit the beach for a bit.

So, would I do this of my own volition? As a tourist in town, would I buy a ticket for the afternoon submarine ride?