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Red Rose of Anjou book. Read 20 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. When Henry VI becomes king, it is soon clear that he would be bet.
Table of contents

Their family name comes from Edmund's title Duke of York , which he acquired in However, the superiority of their claim is not based on the male line, but on the female line, as descendants of Edward III's second son Lionel of Antwerp. Anne's grandmother, Philippa of Clarence , was the daughter of Lionel of Antwerp. The Mortimers were the most powerful marcher family of the fourteenth century.

Trevelyan has written that "the Wars of the Roses were to a large extent a quarrel between Welsh Marcher Lords , who were also great English nobles, closely related to the English throne. Anne de Mortimer had died in When her brother Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, who had loyally supported Henry, died childless in , the title and extensive estates of the Earldom of March and the Mortimer claim to the throne thus passed to Anne's descendants. Richard of York , the son of Cambridge and Anne Mortimer, was four years old at the time of his father's execution.

Although Cambridge was attainted , Henry V later allowed Richard to inherit the title and lands of Cambridge's elder brother Edward, Duke of York , who had died fighting alongside Henry at Agincourt and had no issue. Henry, who had three younger brothers and was himself in his prime and recently married to the French princess, Catherine of Valois , [24] did not doubt that the Lancastrian right to the crown was secure.

Wars of the Roses

Henry's premature death in , at the age of 36, led to his only son Henry VI coming to the throne as an infant and the country being ruled by a divided council of regency. Henry V's younger brothers produced no surviving legitimate issue, leaving only distant cousins the Beauforts as alternative Lancaster heirs. As Richard of York grew into maturity and questions were raised over Henry VI's fitness to rule, Richard's claim to the throne thus became more significant. The revenue from the York and March estates also made him the wealthiest magnate in the land.

From early childhood, Henry VI was surrounded by quarrelsome councillors and advisors. His younger surviving paternal uncle, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester , sought to be named Lord Protector and deliberately courted the popularity of the common people for his own ends [26] but was opposed by his half-uncle Cardinal Henry Beaufort. On several occasions, Beaufort called on John, Duke of Bedford , Humphrey's older brother, to return from his post as Henry VI's regent in France , either to mediate or to defend him against Humphrey's accusations of treason.

Sometime after, Cardinal Beaufort withdrew from public affairs, partly due to old age and partly because William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk , rose to become the dominant personality at court. Humphrey felt that the lifetime efforts of his brothers, of himself, and many Englishmen in the war against France were being wasted as the French territories slipped from English hands, especially since Suffolk and his supporters were trying to make large diplomatic and territorial concessions to the French in a desperate attempt for peace.

In this, Gloucester enjoyed little influence, as Henry VI tended to favour Suffolk and Beaufort's faction at court due to its less hawkish and more conciliatory inclinations. The Duke of York, Bedford's successor in France, and at times also described as a skeptic of the peace policy, became entangled in this dispute as Suffolk and the Beauforts were frequently granted large money and land grants from the king, as well as important government and military positions, redirecting much needed resources away from York's campaigns in France.

Feature History - War of the Roses

Suffolk eventually succeeded in having Humphrey of Gloucester arrested for treason. Humphrey died while awaiting trial in prison at Bury St Edmunds in Some authorities date the start of the War of the Roses from the death of Humphrey. At the same time, Richard of York was stripped of the prestigious military command in France and sent to govern the relatively distant Ireland , whereby he could not interfere in the proceedings of the court.

However, with severe reverses in France, Suffolk was stripped of office and was murdered on his way to exile. Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset Cardinal Beaufort's nephew , succeeded him as leader of the party seeking peace with France. The Duke of York meanwhile represented those who wished to prosecute the war more vigorously, and criticised the court, and Somerset in particular, for starving him of funds and men during his campaigns in France.

In all these quarrels, Henry VI had taken little part. He was seen as a weak, ineffectual king. Also, he displayed several symptoms of mental illness [29] that he may have inherited from his maternal grandfather, Charles VI of France.

The Red Rose of Anjou Plantagenet Saga by Jean Plaidy | Fruugo

By many considered Henry incapable of carrying out the duties and responsibilities of a king. In , there was a violent popular revolt in Kent, Jack Cade's Rebellion , which is often seen as the prelude to the Wars of the Roses. After some of them fell to looting, they were driven out of London by the citizens. They dispersed after they were supposedly pardoned but several, including Cade, were later executed. Two years later, in , Richard of York returned to England from his new post as Lieutenant of Ireland and marched on London, demanding Somerset's removal and reform of the government.

At this stage, few of the nobles supported such drastic action, and York was forced to submit to superior force at Blackheath. He was imprisoned for much of and [32] but was released after swearing not to take arms against the court. The increasing discord at court was mirrored in the country as a whole, where noble families engaged in private feuds and showed increasing disrespect for the royal authority and the courts of law.

In many cases, feuds were fought between old-established families, and formerly minor nobility raised in power and influence by Henry IV in the aftermath of the rebellions against him. The quarrel between the Percys—long the Earls of Northumberland—and the comparatively upstart Nevilles was the best-known of these private wars and followed this pattern, as did the Bonville—Courtenay feud in Cornwall and Devon.

Nobles engaged many of these to mount raids, or to pack courts of justice with their supporters, intimidating suitors, witnesses, and judges. This growing civil discontent, the abundance of feuding nobles with private armies, and corruption in Henry VI's court formed a political climate ripe for civil war. With the king so easily manipulated, power rested with those closest to him at court, in other words, Somerset and the Lancastrian faction. Richard and the Yorkist faction, who tended to be physically placed further away from the seat of power, found their power slowly being stripped away.

Royal power and finances also started to slip, as Henry was persuaded to grant many royal lands and estates to the Lancastrians, thereby losing their revenue. In , Henry suffered the first of several bouts of complete mental collapse, during which he failed even to recognise his new-born son, Edward of Westminster. Henry was incapable of nominating a successor. York soon asserted his power with ever-greater boldness although there is no proof that he had aspirations to the throne at this early stage. He imprisoned Somerset and backed his Neville allies his brother-in-law, the Earl of Salisbury , and Salisbury's son, the Earl of Warwick , in their continuing feud with the Earl of Northumberland , a powerful supporter of Henry.

Henry recovered in and once again fell under the influence of those closest to him at court. Directed by Henry's queen, the powerful and aggressive Margaret of Anjou , who emerged as the de facto leader of the Lancastrians, Richard was forced out of court.

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Margaret built up an alliance against Richard and conspired with other nobles to reduce his influence. An increasingly thwarted Richard who feared arrest for treason finally resorted to armed hostilities in The relatively small First Battle of St Albans was the first open conflict of the civil war. Richard's aim was ostensibly to remove "poor advisors" from King Henry's side. The result was a Lancastrian defeat. Several prominent Lancastrian leaders, including Somerset and Northumberland, were killed.

After the battle, the Yorkists found Henry hiding in a local tanner's shop , abandoned by his advisers and servants, apparently having suffered another bout of mental illness. He had also been slightly wounded in the neck by an arrow. With the king indisposed, York was again appointed Protector, and Margaret was shunted aside, charged with the king's care.

For a while, both sides seemed shocked that an actual battle had been fought and did their best to reconcile their differences, but the problems that caused conflict soon re-emerged, particularly the issue of whether the Duke of York or Henry and Margaret's infant son, Edward, would succeed to the throne.

Margaret refused to accept any solution that would disinherit her son, and it became clear that she would only tolerate the situation for as long as the Duke of York and his allies retained the military ascendancy. Henry recovered and in February he relieved York of his office of Protector. Margaret did not allow him to return to London where the merchants were angry at the decline in trade and the widespread disorder.

The king's court was set up at Coventry. By then, the new Duke of Somerset was emerging as a favourite of the royal court.


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Margaret persuaded Henry to revoke the appointments York had made as Protector, while York was made to return to his post as a lieutenant in Ireland. Disorder in the capital and the north of England where fighting between the Nevilles and Percys had resumed [37] and piracy by French fleets on the south coast was growing, but the king and queen remained intent on protecting their positions, with the queen introducing conscription for the first time in England. Meanwhile, York's ally, Warwick later dubbed "The Kingmaker" , was growing in popularity in London as the champion of the merchants; as Captain of Calais he had fought piracy in the Channel.

In the spring of , Thomas Bourchier , the Archbishop of Canterbury , attempted to arrange a reconciliation. The lords had gathered in London for a Grand Council and the city was full of armed retainers. The Archbishop negotiated complex settlements to resolve the blood-feuds that had persisted since the Battle of St. Paul's Cathedral , with Lancastrian and Yorkist nobles following him, hand in hand. The next outbreak of fighting was prompted by Warwick's high-handed actions as Captain of Calais.

He led his ships in attacks on neutral Hanseatic League and Spanish ships in the Channel on flimsy grounds of sovereignty. He was summoned to London to face inquiries, but he claimed that attempts had been made on his life, and returned to Calais. York, Salisbury, and Warwick were summoned to a royal council at Coventry, but they refused, fearing arrest when they were isolated from their supporters. Shortly afterward the combined Yorkist armies confronted the much larger Lancastrian force at the Battle of Ludford Bridge.

Warwick's contingent from the garrison of Calais under Andrew Trollope defected to the Lancastrians, and the Yorkist leaders fled. The Lancastrians were back in total control. York and his supporters were attainted at the Parliament of Devils as traitors. Somerset was appointed Governor of Calais and was dispatched to take over the vital fortress on the French coast, but his attempts to evict Warwick were easily repulsed. Warwick and his supporters even began to launch raids on the English coast from Calais, adding to the sense of chaos and disorder.

Being attainted, only by a successful invasion could the Yorkists recover their lands and titles.

(Plantagenet Saga)

Warwick travelled to Ireland to concert plans with York, evading the royal ships commanded by the Duke of Exeter. Backed by a papal emissary who had taken their side, they marched north. King Henry led an army south to meet them while Margaret remained in the north with Prince Edward. At the Battle of Northampton on 10 July, the Yorkist army under Warwick defeated the Lancastrians, aided by treachery in the king's ranks.

For the second time in the war, King Henry was found by the Yorkists in a tent, abandoned by his retinue, having suffered another breakdown. With the king in their possession, the Yorkists returned to London.

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In the light of this military success, Richard of York moved to press his claim to the throne based on the illegitimacy of the Lancastrian line. Landing in the north Wales , he and his wife Cecily entered London with all the ceremony usually reserved for a monarch. Parliament was assembled, and when York entered he made straight for the throne, which he may have been expecting the Lords to encourage him to take for himself as they had acclaimed Henry IV in Instead, there was stunned silence.

York announced his claim to the throne, but the Lords, even Warwick, and Salisbury, were shocked by his presumption; they had no desire at this stage to overthrow King Henry. Their ambition was still limited to the removal of his councillors. The next day, York produced detailed genealogies to support his claim based on his descent from Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence. York's claim was through the daughter of a second son, Henry's through the son of a third son. The judges felt that Common law principles could not determine who had priority in the royal succession, and declared the matter "above the law and passed their learning.

A compromise was struck in October with the Act of Accord , which recognised York as Henry's successor, disinheriting Henry's six-year-old son, Edward.