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Nov 25, - Peloponnesian War, (– bce), war fought between the two leading city-states in ancient Greece, Athens and Sparta. Each stood at the head of alliances that, between them, included nearly every Greek city-state. For full treatment, see Ancient Greek civilization: The.
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Sparta is having difficulty in retaining the loyalty of the members of its own Peloponnesian League, several of whom adopt democratic governments hostile in principle to the Spartan oligarchy. Sparta's troubles are compounded by a devastating earthquake in Indirectly it brings to a head the simmering hostilities between Sparta and Athens. The earthquake destroys much of the city of Sparta and kills many Spartiates - the Greek term for Sparta's warrior citizens.

The helots seize the opportunity to rise in revolt. The Spartans manage to contain the rebels in the region of Mount Ithome, in Messenia, but they lack the strength to defeat them. They appeal to their allies for help. Athens, at this stage technically an ally of Sparta, is among the city-states which send an army.

Instead of welcoming this Athenian support, the Spartans send the soldiers back to Athens without involving them in the campaign. The precise reason is not known, but is probably political.

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The decision follows the news that Athens is in the process of introducing a more radical democracy , a measure profoundly offensive to aristocratic Sparta. The episode is interpreted as a snub by the Athenians, who are constitutionally inclined to distrust Sparta. Soon after this event Athens makes provocative alliances with two city-states opposed to Sparta. Open hostility breaks out in , the year commonly taken as the start of the First Peloponnesian War. In the early years of the First Peloponnesian War the fighting is mainly between Athens and the northern states of the Peloponnese, in particular Corinth.

A significant gain for Athens is the capture in of the large island of Aegina, occupying a strategically important position directly between Athens and the Peloponnese in the centre of the Saronic Gulf. Sparta intervenes for the first time in this same year, defeating the Athenians close to home at Tanagra. The war drags on inconclusively. Athens finds it hard to consolidate any gains which she makes on land, but her superior naval power means that she can regularly raid the towns of the Peloponnesian coast.

In a Thirty Year Treaty is agreed. It recognizes two distinct spheres of influence. The empire of Athens is the Aegean Sea. Its tributary states are round the coasts and on the islands the one gain of the war is Aegina, which remains with Athens. By contrast Sparta's allies are the land states of the Peloponnese and central Greece. Neither side, it is now agreed, will commit an act of aggression against any part of the other. The treaty holds until Athens tests it severely, in , in relation to Corcyra.

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The large island of Corcyra Corfu, off the northwest coast of Greece is in origin a colony of Corinth. But it is now a powerful state in its own right, and in BC it is at war with Corinth. The Corcyrans turn for help to the only Greek fleet which can match that of Corinth. They appeal to Athens. The first response of the Athenian assembly is caution. But an ally in the western sea, close to the heel of Italy, is an attractive proposition.

Peloponnesian War

Pericles persuades the assembly to send thirty triremes for defensive purposes only, arguing that this will not breach the treaty. Events prove Pericles wrong. Hostilities escalate to the point where Athenian ships are blockading an ally of Corinth Megara and threatening a Corinthian colony Potidaea. In the Spartans decide that Athens is guilty of aggression. They send an envoy demanding withdrawal of the Athenian ships. Pericles again is among the hawks. He persuades the assembly to reply that Athens will never bow to an ultimatum from Sparta, but will agree to independent arbritration.

THE PELOPONNESIAN WARS

Diplomatic stalemate ends in when Thebes, an ally of Sparta, suddenly attacks Plataea, an ally of Athens. The twenty-seven years of the war form a complex web of shifting alliances and fluctuating fortunes for the two main contestants, Sparta and Athens, with a high level of treachery and brutality as an accepted norm. The underlying pattern of hostilities is a dispiriting routine based on two unchangeable facts: a Spartan army is almost irresistible in battle; but the famous walls of Athens , and her powerful fleet protecting respectively both city and harbour , mean she is impregnable.

So every summer the Spartans march north and spend a month destroying all the Athenian crops, while the farmers shelter in the city.


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The Athenian navy then has to bring in even more corn than is normally required. The second summer of this kind, that of , is made more painful for the Athenians because plague strikes the city and kills nearly a third of the inhabitants. It became a year conflict between Athens and Sparta and their allies. Peace was decreed by the signing of the Thirty Years Treaty in B. Corinth retreated to rebuild its fleet and plan retaliation. In B. The Athenian government debated the suggestion, but its leader Pericles suggested a defensive alliance with Corcya, sending a small number of ships to protect it against Corinthian forces.

All forces met at the Battle of Sybota, in which Corinth, with no support from Sparta, attacked and then retreated at the sight of Athenian ships. Athens, convinced it was about to enter war with Corinth, strengthened its military hold on its various territories in the region to prepare. A year passed before Sparta took aggressive action.


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    7. During that time, Sparta sent three delegations to Athens to avoid war, offering proposals that could be viewed as a betrayal of Corinth. He returned to Athens in B. Pericles, following a political uprising that led to his censure, succumbed to the plague in B.

    Despite this major setback for the Athenians, the Spartans saw only mixed success in their war efforts, and some major losses in western Greece and at sea. Meant to last 50 years, it barely survived eight, undermined by conflict and rebellion brought on by various allies.

    The Peloponnesian War: Causes of the Conflict

    War reignited decisively around B. Sparta sided with Syracuse and defeated the Athenians in a major sea battle. Athens did not crumble as expected, winning a string of naval victories against Sparta, which sought monetary and weapons support from the Persian Empire. Under the Spartan general Lysander, the war raged for another decade. By in B. Lysander decimated the Athenian fleet in battle and then held Athens under siege, forcing it to surrender to Sparta in B. The Peloponnesian War marked the end of the Golden Age of Greece, a change in styles of warfare, and the fall of Athens, once the strongest city-state in Greece.

    The balance in power in Greece was shifted when Athens was absorbed into the Spartan Empire. It continued to exist under a series of tyrants and then a democracy. Athens lost its dominance in the region to Sparta until both were conquered less than a century later and made part of the kingdom of Macedon. Martin, published by Yale University Press, But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!

    Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. The story of the Trojan War—the Bronze Age conflict between the kingdoms of Troy and Mycenaean Greece—straddles the history and mythology of ancient Greece and inspired the greatest writers of antiquity, from Homer, Herodotus and Sophocles to Virgil. Since the 19th-century By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian The so-called golden age of Athenian culture flourished under the leadership of Pericles B.

    Pericles transformed his One of the greatest ancient historians, Thucydides c.