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Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, Volume 87 provides updated information on nutrients in foods and how to avoid deficiency, especially the essential.
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• Advances in Food and Nutrition Research: Volume 66
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• Phytohemagglutinins. Their nutritional significance | Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition , 62 3 [Details] 'Phytosterol, tocopherol and squalene content of selected nuts, seeds, legumes and cereals' Ryan, E. Planta Medica , 73 9 [Details] 'Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of brazil, pecan, pine, pistachio and cashew nuts' Ryan, E. Food Chemistry , 64 2 [Details] 'Kishk - a dried, fermented cereal product.

Assessment of a variety of protein analytical techniques for determining adulteration and proteolysis' Tamime, A. Assessment of a variety of protein analytical techniques for determining adulteration and proteolysis'. Nutritional composition' Tamime, A. Nutritional composition'. Educat , [Details] 'Stability of astaxanthin and cantaxanthin in raw and smoked Atlantic salmon Salmo salar during frozen storage' Sheehan, E.

Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research , A Review' Tamime, A. A Review'. Ireland , Trends Food Sci.

Irish J. Food Sci. Technol , 14 [Details] 'Effect of dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on development of azaserine-induced preneoplastic lesions in rat pancreas. J Natl Cancer Inst'. Cancer Surv' O'Connor, T. Cancer Surv'. C; 'The influence of nutrition on carcinogenesis'. Nutrition , [Details] 'Effect of dietary intake of fish oil and fish protein on the development of L-azaserine-induced preneoplastic lesions in the rat pancreas. Search profiles by name Search by name Search.

Search by topic Search. Choose areas of the website to search Website People Courses. Rotterdam, Balkema: [Details]. Food and Chemical Toxicology , 47 [Details]. SI [Details]. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition , 62 3 [Details]. Planta Medica , 73 9 [Details]. Food Chemistry , 64 2 [Details]. Educat , [Details].

In addition, animal protein intake has been linked to increased risk of cancer, obesity, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome [ 55 ]. However, research determining the long-term effects of dietary protein intake is lacking due to the absence of a valid biomarker. Urinary nitrogen is a valid method of assessing total protein intake, though several limitations exist. A comparison of a day feeding study with multiple hour urine nitrogen outputs produced a correlation of 0.

When the time period is reduced to a single observation, the correlation is reduced to 0. To obtain the most accurate measurements, individuals should maintain a constant daily intake and be in nitrogen balance. Urinary nitrogen may underestimate high protein intake levels and overestimate at low intake levels, yet it is considered an adequate biomarker of protein intake. It is suggested that multiple hour urine samples are needed to fully establish protein status [ 56 ]. As discussed previously, isotopes 13 C and 15 N are potential dietary biomarkers for added sugars and fatty acids [ 22 , 32 — 35 , 46 , 52 ].

A decrease in both isotopes with decreased protein intake has been reported, but not a significant increase with increased protein intake after four weeks. Thus, hair 15 N and 13 C do not appear to be valid short term dietary biomarkers of protein intake, but further research is needed to determine if they could be valid longer-term biomarkers [ 55 ].

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Several potential biomarkers of red meat intake have been identified, creatinine, taurine, 1-methylhistidine, and 3-methylhistidine. These components are specific to meat intake and are excreted in the urine [ 57 ]. Two randomized crossover studies examined the mean levels of each component with four dietary conditions, three varying levels of red meat intake and one vegetarian diet. Taurine and creatinine did not appear to be as sensitive to intake and were not able to distinguish between the low red meat and the vegetarian diets. Furthermore, 3- methylhistidine was shown to have greater variance among participants on the same diet; the same was not demonstrated with 1- methylhistidine, which may be the most promising biomarker of the four components.

This study had participants consume the respective diet for 15 days, with three hour urine collections occurring on the final three days. Because no washout period was used, it is difficult to determine the time period measured. The half-lives of 1- and 3- methylhistidine are reported to be approximately 12 hours; thus, they are both considered short term biomarkers of red meat intake [ 57 ]. Further research reporting the reproducibility and the intake period being measured is needed. However, due to the potentially harmful side effects of high caffeine intake, it may be important to develop acceptable intake levels and a biomarker that reflects consumption [ 58 ].

Caffeine, in its un-metabolized form, and AFMU are greatly influenced by inter-individual differences e.

Total fruit and vegetable intake is difficult to objectively quantify due to most biomarkers measuring the effect of fruit and vegetables on health outcomes e. However, proline betaine was identified through nutrimetabolomic metabolic profiling as a possible marker of citrus consumption, which may be able to identify true intake of citrus fruits. Proline betaine was shown to be sensitive A limitation of proline betaine is its rapid urinary excretion, i. Lloyd et al. Levels of proline betaine were assessed throughout the study; however, oranges were the only citrus source used.

Additionally, two metabolites, specific to orange intake, were identified: hesperidin and nariruin. However, they were found to be insufficient indicators of citrus intake. The study concluded that additional sensitivity and specificity of proline betaine, with additional intake of varying citrus foods, is necessary before it can be considered a useful dietary biomarker [ 60 ]. Cocoa is a major source of phytochemicals phenolic compounds , which have been shown to improve cardiovascular health and antioxidant status [ 61 ].

A study utilizing metabolomic metabolic profiling identified twenty-seven cocoa urinary metabolites that occurred over the hour period following intake [ 61 ].

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Additional research on the various identified cocoa metabolites should be conducted in order to develop a valid biomarker of cocoa intake. It has been hypothesized that garlic may provide chemo-preventive effects; thus, the development of a biomarker of garlic intake may enhance research targeting cancer prevention, as well as prevention of other chronic disease [ 62 ].

S-allyl-mercapturic acid ALMA has been identified as a urinary metabolite of dietary garlic intake. In a research investigation, the presence of ALMA was detected in the majority of garlic consumers fifteen out of sixteen , while only two control subjects out of fourteen had detectable levels of ALMA. Therefore, ALMA appears to differentiate garlic consumers from non-consumers. However, ALMA is a short term biomarker of garlic intake as the half-life is approximately six hours, and ALMA may increase with other sources; it is not specific to garlic intake [ 62 ].

Resveratrol, a phenolic compound found in wine, has been shown to be negatively correlated with cardiovascular disease [ 63 ]. A biomarker for wine intake may prove to be useful, as individuals may not always accurately report alcoholic beverage consumption due to social undesirability 2. Metabolites of resveratrol have been discovered in urine and plasma, and total resveratrol metabolites TRM were analyzed to determine exposure and responsiveness of wine intake.

Plasma TRM have an extremely short half-life of approximately two hours, and only reflect very recent intake.

TRM also show a strong dose-response effect. A limitation of TRM is that it only reflects intake of regular consumers and may prove less useful in intermittent consumers of wine [ 63 ]. Further research is needed to be able to objectively classify consumers into groups based on their wine consumption levels [ 65 ]. Certain limitations exist, such as resveratrol is not specific to wine intake and can be found in grapes, peanuts, and berries; furthermore, the amount of resveratrol can vary between types of wine [ 64 ].

Rotches-Ribalta et al. Seventeen metabolites were identified, including trans- and cis- resveratrol and trans- and cis- piceid. Significant differences were found between red wine consumption and pharmaceutical ingestion of grape extract, which suggests further research is needed to assess resveratrol metabolism. Specifically, it has been shown that resveratrol has low bioavailability and a complex diet especially fiber intake may affect the concentrations of the metabolites. Biomarkers of dietary exposure should be valid, reproducible, able to detect changes in intake over time and be suitable for the general population.

Yet, many of the dietary biomarkers reviewed appeared inadequate at meeting all of the aforementioned criteria see Tables 1 ,and 2. The best biomarkers available show validity, reproducibility and sensitivity; this review identified two biomarkers that met all three criteria: combined urinary sucrose and fructose for a sugar biomarker 33 and total plasma alkylresorcinol for a whole grain biomarker 28, There are multiple factors that warrant investigation before many of these biomarkers can be more widely utilized in nutrition and health research.

Genetics, age, type of specimen, time of year, and confounding dietary sources play a pivotal role in the feasibility and validity of dietary biomarkers. Furthermore, few biomarkers demonstrated cost-effectiveness and non-invasiveness e. Emphasis should be placed on developing biomarkers using samples that are minimally invasive with a low subject burden e. The practicality of the measure is also an important consideration, including the accessibility, collection, processing, storage and analysis of the specimen [ 2 ].

It should be taken into consideration that is a limited nonsystematic review in the emerging area of dietary biomarkers. Furthermore, no quality assessment of the included literature was conducted; therefore, discretion should be used when interpreting findings.