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Table of contents

• Material Information
• Projectile Point Identification Guide
• Your IP Address in Germany is Blocked from www.gutenberg.org

Of course, this tends to be frustrating for the team that is assisting with this work, as there is always something we did not get too this time. As discussed in the first edition, this book is intended as a living document. It will grow and adapt over following editions.

This second edition is a good example of this. It seems the further we proceed towards achieving one goal, we develop at least one or two more goals along the way. So, boundaries again had to be set regarding the completion of the second edition. As this project moves forward towards a third edition ? We hope you continue to enjoy and profit from the effort put forth in the publication of this book. Dumas and Steven M.

Meredith The purpose of archaeology is to learn about the people who lived here before us and to enrich an understanding of ourselves as human beings. For those people who left no written records, we can know them only incompletely through their descendants or the things they left behind. These things—artifacts and remains of structures—are almost everywhere across the landscape. They appear to us when we are out hoeing a garden, walking a creek bank, kicking up dust on the way to a tree stand, or maybe just walking around our front yard.

Broken and covered with dirt, stone or pottery all tend to look same at first. In fact, they represent nearly 13, years of technological innovation by many cultures. Some people who find artifacts choose simply to admire their craftsmanship. This is a natural human response to beautiful, durable, and mysterious things from the distant past. However, like most museums, we believe objects are part of a larger story.

A favorite archaeological metaphor is that each artifact is like a word in a history book. A single word, regardless of how beautiful or well- written or useful, cannot tell a story by itself. One must have multiple words, beautiful and plain, long and short, to make a story. And most importantly, these words must be kept in order and association for them to form a narrative.

Without context, words are just words, and an artifact is just an object of admiration. We hope this handbook will help you to decipher these pieces of the past and to form a closer connection to the people who lived it. Placing artifacts in time takes practice. Archaeologists occasionally disagree how to classify or name them. We are sensitive to the fact that some of our archaeologist colleagues will disagree with some of the artifact descriptions in this book. We can well imagine questions about why some pottery or stone types are included while others are excluded. The list of pottery and point types in the book are a sample of what can be found within the artificial boundaries of Alabama.

We have not included type descriptions or distribution maps of tools such as scrapers, awls, drills, and other common functional objects. Although they offer clues to life in the past, many of their forms were dictated by their function and did not change for many millennia.

Material Information

Although most of the projectile point types in this guide are found in James W. Cambron and David C. The reader will find that our point type descriptions include narrower ranges of time, broader or more specific diagnostic attributes, and some have different associated references. We also include distribution maps based on the presence or absence of point types and the latest data.

In our book, there are also several types that were not included by Cambron and Hulse, and many types that were included in their book that are not in this one. There are types we did not include, either because they are rare or non-existent in Alabama or have never met the criteria for an individual type. A full re-assessment of each type in Cambron and Hulse based on information gathered in the last five decades would be a substantial book itself and is beyond the scope of this one. Why Archaeology Chapter 2. What is an Arrowhead? Chapter 3. Lithic: of or Pertaining to Stone Chapter 4.

The Importance of Pottery Chapter 5. Archaic: Greek Meaning Ancient Chapter 7. Woodland Period Chapter 8. Mississippian Period Chapter 9. Other Tools and Artifacts Chapter Significant Sites in Alabama. Average Review. Write a Review. Related Searches. Birds of Paradise. This charming tale of two sweet sparrows follows Bert, a brash risk-taker, and Bessie, fearful This charming tale of two sweet sparrows follows Bert, a brash risk-taker, and Bessie, fearful of all the dangers that lurk in the trees and on the ground.

The two develop a friendship after Bert is bullied for his recklessness View Product. This book is the fourth collection of sermons by David Johnson, who currently serves at In conclusion, it should be noted that our current knowledge of the early Holocene is quite poor because it is based on information published in the s to s that lacks radiocarbon dates or sufficient data on subsistence strategies.

However, investigations over the past decade have produced new information on the early Holocene cultures in the southern Caucasus.

The sites of Kotias Klde in Georgia and Kmlo-2 in Armenia have yielded evidence of early Holocene occupations that are important for understanding this period. In addition, the resumption of excavations at Anaseuli-1 has enabled to establish a chronology for the Early Neolithic of western Georgia. The deposits are divided into four layers, ranging from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Bronze Age. A series of radiocarbon dates indicates a time range of the eleventh to ninth millennia BC — cal bc for Layer B Mesolithic and eighth millennium bc — cal bc for Layer A2 Early Neolithic.

Excavations at this site produced rich lithic and faunal assemblages. A few obsidian pieces were also present, indicating long-distance expeditions or trade for acquisition of this material; the nearest source is Chikiani, some 80 km from the site.

The Mesolithic industry of Kotias Klde is characterized by microliths. Backed bladelets, including broken pieces, are quite numerous, which may show a continuous tradition from the late Upper Palaeolithic. A significant Mesolithic tool type is the scalene triangle backed bladelet with obliquely truncated ends. End scrapers made on flakes and blades are dominant among retouched tools, while burins are less common.

In the Neolithic layer, we see tools with hooked projections similar to those found in the Paluri-Nagutni sites. According to the excavators, the Mesolithic and Neolithic materials have close parallels with the assemblages of Layers V and IV at the nearby site of Darkveti Matskevich and Meshveliani, Kmlo-2 is a small cave located on the western slope of a deep valley formed by the Kasakh River, east of the Aragats massif.

The excavations revealed dark brown sandy deposits that were divided into five layers based on sediment texture and features Arimura et al. Hearths containing charcoal and ash were found in several layers, along with abundant obsidian artifacts and animal bones.

In Phases V to III, the faunal remains belong to large bovids aurochs or bison and mountain caprids wild goat and wild sheep. Based on the thin deposits and size of the cave, Kmlo-2 was a temporary camp site e. Four seasons of excavation have produced numerous lithics made from local obsidian. Other raw materials, such as dacite and flint, were used sparingly. Cortical flakes of obsidian indicate that river pebbles approximately 10 cm in length were brought to the cave and knapped there. Such obsidian pebbles are available on the banks of the Kasakh River, which transports blocks from extensive obsidian sources in the Tsaghkunyats Mountains.

Figure 4. Lithic industry from Kmlo-2 Armenia. The lithic industry of Kmlo-2 appears to be blade-oriented, since there are numerous blades and bladelets corresponding to blade or bladelet cores Figure 4 Butt preparation is generally carried out by abrasion. Most blanks were apparently detached by direct percussion. Several thin bladelets of regular form were probably detached by a pressure-flaking technique, but such pressure-flaked specimens attested in Phases IV—II are uncommon Figure 4 :3—6. One small bullet core is evidence for such bladelet production at the site Figure 4 One important characteristic of the Kmlo-2 tool assemblage is an abundance of microliths Figure 4 — Various forms such as lunates and trapezoid-rectangles exist, but backed bladelets and scalene triangles are predominant Figure 4 — The presence of microburins and remnants of microburin scars on backed bladelets indicate that the microburin technique was used for their production Figure 4 , 28— This tool type could be a marker for an early Holocene cultural entity in Armenia, since Kmlo tools have been found at other sites nearby Arimura et al.

Kmlo tools are characterized by continuous and parallel retouch by pressure flaking on one or both lateral edges. They are usually made on blades but are also made on flakes. In many cases, linear or heavy abrasion can be seen on the retouched edge.