Guide The Mycetozoans

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Mycetozoa is a grouping of slime molds. Contents. 1 Classification; 2 Utility in research; 3 Meiosis; 4 References; 5 External links. Classification[edit]. It can be.
Table of contents

• mycetozoan - Wiktionary
• Related content in Oxford Reference
• Manual The Mycetozoans
• Associated Content

Bryophytes associated with myxomycetes, thus seem neither to benefit nor be damaged by them. Bryophytes associated with slime molds continue normal growth and reproduction, while the myxomycetes have a favorable biotope in the bryophytes communities. Co-existence and interaction between slime molds, beetles, bryophytes and fungi possess specific features for every pair of interacting organisms. Insects may be either obligate or facultative feeders on slime molds; and the relations between slime molds and wood-inhabiting fungi are neutral.

With the work to be done in this context, Myxomycetes can be obtained more information about the role in the ecosystem.

mycetozoan - Wiktionary

Future research is also needed to determine the biological potentials of myxomycetes, which have many effects in the ecosystem and consequently produce many secondary metabolites in the body. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.

Withdrawal Policies Publication Ethics. Journal of. Some Mycetozoa Myxomycetes members from zorkun high plateau Osmaniye. Anatolian Journal of Botany. Myxomycetes of Ohio: Their systematics, biology and use in teaching. Origin and evolution of the slime molds Mycetozoa.

Life history strategies of corticolous myxomycetes: the life cycle, fruiting bodies, plasmodial types, and taxonomic orders. Fungal Diversity. Baba H. Mantar dergisi. Ing B. The phytosociology of myxomycetes. New Phytologist. Myxomycetes of Mezit stream valley of Turkey. Olive LS. Protostelia Protostelids. In: Olive LS, editor. The Mycetozoans. Influence of Seasonality on the occurrence of Myxomycetes. Chiang Mai J Sci. Importance of myxomycetes in biological research and teaching.

Stijve T, Andrey D. Accumulation of various metals by Fuligo septica L Wiggers and by some other slime molds myxomycetes. Australasian Mycologist. Co-existence and interaction between myxomycetes and other organisms in shared niches.

Related content in Oxford Reference

Nuevos registros de hongos comestibles de la region del Cofre de Perote, Estado de Veracruz. Sociedad Mexicana de Micologia. Xalapa, Vercruz, Mexico; Villarreal L. Algunas especies de Myxomycetes no registradas del estado de Veracruz.

1. Literature Cited.
2. Diversity Problems?
3. If I Kissed You: Destiny Romance.
4. Slime organisms.

J Food Sci Nutr. A contractile vacuole is also present near the hind end. Considerable movement may be observed among the granules of the interior, and in the large zoospores of Amaurochaete atra this may amount to an actual streaming, though without the rhythm characteristic of the plasmodial stage. Other shapes may be temporarily assumed by the zoospore.

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Attaching itself to an object it may become amoeboid, either with fig. That the zoo spores of many species of the Endosporeae feed on bacteria has been shown by A. Lister New light has recently been thrown on the matter by Pinoy 26 , who has worked chiefly with Sorophora, in which, as shown below, the active phase of the life-history is passed mainly in the state of isolated amoebae. Pinoy finds that the amoebae of this group live on particular species of bacteria, and that, the presence of the latter is a necessary condition for the development of the Sorophora, and even as has been recognized by other workers for the hatching of their spores.

Pinoy's results indicate, though not so conclusively, that bacteria are likewise the essential food of the Euplasmodida in the early phases of their life-history. The zoospores do, however, ingest other solid bodies, e. The zoospores multiply by binary fission the flagellum being withdrawn and the nucleus undergoing mitotic division, with the formation of a well-marked achromatic spindle fig. It is probable that fission occurs more than once in the zoospore stage; but there is not satisfactory evidence to show how often it may be repeated.

The common mass contains digestive vacuoles v. The clear spherical bodies are microcysts and an empty spore-shell is seen to the left. At this, as at other phases of the life-history, a resting stage may be assumed as the result of drying, but also from other and unknown causes. The flagellum is withdrawn and the protoplasm, becoming spherical, secretes a cyst wall. The organism thus passes into the condition of a microcyst , from which when dry it may be awakened to renewed activity by wetting.

At the end of the zoospore stage the organism finally withdraws its flagellum and assumes the amoeboid shape. It is now known as an amoebula. The amoebulae become endowed, as was first recognized by Cienkowski, with mutual attraction, and on meeting fuse with one another. Several have already united to form a common mass, to which others, still free, are converging. The protoplasmic mass thus arising is the plasmodium.

The fusion between the protoplasmic bodies of the amoebulae which unite to form it is complete. Their nuclei may be traced for some time in the young plasmodium and no fusion between them has been observed at this stage As the plasmodium increases in size by the addition of amoebulae the task of following the fate of the individual nuclei by direct observation becomes impossible. The appearance of an active plasmodium of Badhamia utricularis , which, as we have seen, lives and feeds on certain fungi, is shown in fig.

It consists of a film of protoplasm, of a bright yellow colour, varying in size up to a foot or more in diameter. It is traversed by a network of branching and anastomosing channels, which divide up and are gradually lost as they approach the margin where the protoplasm forms a uniform and lobate border. Elsewhere the main trunks of the network may lie free with little or no connecting film between them and their neighbours.

There is, however, great variety in the degree of concentration or expansion presented by plasmodia, in relation with food supply, moisture and other circumstances. The plasmodia move slowly about over or in the substratum, concentrating in regions where food supply is abundant, and leaving those where it is exhausted. On examining under the microscope a film which has spread over a cover-slip, the channels are seen to be streams of rapidly moving granular protoplasm. This movement is rhythmic in character, being directed alternately towards the margin of an advancing region of the plasmodium, and away from it.

As a channel is watched the stream of granules is seen to become slower, and after a momentary pause to begin in the opposite direction. In an active plasmodium the duration of the flow in either direction varies from a minute and a half to two minutes, though it is always longer when in the direction of the general advance over the substratum.

When the flow of the protoplasm is in this latter direction the border becomes turgid, and lobes of hyaline protoplasm are seen under a high magnification to start forward, and soon to become filled with granular contents. When the flow is reversed, the margin becomes thin from the drainage away of its contents. A delicate hyaline layer invests the plasmodium, and is apparently less fluid than the material flowing in the channels. The phenomena of the rhythmic movement of the protoplasm are not inconsistent with the view that they result from alternating contraction and relaxation of the outer layer in different regions of the plasmodium, but any dogmatic statement as to their causation appears at present inadvisable.

Manual The Mycetozoans

Minute contractile vacuoles may be seen in great numbers in the thin parts of the plasmodium between the channels. In stained preparations nuclei, varying in Badhamia utricularis from 2. They contain a nuclear reticulum and one or more well-marked nucleoli. In any stained plasmodium some nuclei may be found, as shown in the figure b , which appear to be in some stage of simple amitotic division, and this is, presumably, the chief mode in which the number of the nuclei keeps pace with the rapidly growing plasmodium.

There is, however, another mode of nuclear division in the plasmodium which has hitherto been observed in one recorded instance 19, p. What the relation of these two modes of nuclear division may be to the life-history is obscure. That the amitotic is the usual mode of nuclear division is indicated by the very frequent occurrence of these apparently dividing nuclei and also by the following experiment. A plasmodium of Badhamia utricularis spreading over pieces of the fungus Auricularia was observed to increase in size about fourfold in fourteen hours, and during this time a small sample was removed and stained every quarter of an hour.

The later staining showed no diminution in the number of nuclei in proportion to the protoplasm, and yet none of the sample showed any sign of mitotic division 20, p. It would appear therefore that the mode of increase of the nuclei during this period was amitotic. Prowazek 28 has recently referred to nuclear stages, similar to those here regarded as of amitotic division, but has interpreted them as nuclear fusions.

He does not, however, discuss the mode of multiplication of nuclei in the plasmodium. In the group of the Calcareae, granules of carbonate of lime are abundant in the plasmodia, and in all Mycetozoa other granules of undetermined nature are present.

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The colour of plasmodia varies in different species, and may be yellow, white, pink, purple or green. The colouring matter is in the form of minute drops, and in the Calcareae these invest the lime granules. The protoplasm may be seen to contain abundant foreign bodies such as spores of fungi or sclerotium cysts vide infra which have been taken in and are undergoing digestion.

It has been found experimentally 11 that pieces of coagulated proteids are likewise taken in and digested in vacuoles. On the other hand it has been found that plasmodia will live, ultimately producing sporangia, in nutrient solutions 9. Drawing together into a thickish layer, the protoplasm divides up into a number of distinct masses, each containing some 10 to 20 nuclei, and a cyst wall is excreted round each mass fig. The whole has now a hard brittle consistency.

In this state the protoplasm will remain alive for two or three years.