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Karen Marie Moning — 'Truth hurts. But lies can kill.'.
Table of contents
- Why didn't God kill or destroy Satan?
- Which Medical Marketing Lies Can Kill Your Practice
- This Quote Is From
- 7 Lies About Money That Can Kill Your Financial Future
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If the social context is one in which we understand that wearing a wedding ring indicates that someone is married, then wearing a wedding ring when you are not married seems like a case of lying. This does not seem like a case of lying as you were completely honest in your reply to the guard. However, if there was an intention to deceive then this may not be the case. But as it stands 7 is not a case of lying. That is what 5 , the maths case, shows us. You intend that your Gran adopt the false belief that you do like the jumper.
So for something to be a lie, what is important is the intention to deceive — but it need not be the case that what is being said is false. It is then a genuinely interesting question which deserves consideration at some point — just not here.
When, if ever, is it morally acceptable to intend for someone to adopt a belief which you know to be false? In particular, an action is right if, and only if, it brings about the greatest amount of happiness, pleasure, well-being, preference satisfaction etc. So we cannot say that lying is wrong because the action of lying will only be wrong if it brings about less good than not doing so. If I intend that you adopt a belief which I believe to be false but in so doing I generate more good than if I had not, then I have done something right. In this case people believe that she was right to have lied; given the horrific consequences of telling the truth she is morally required to lie.
However, the intuitions work both ways and there are cases where we think that sometimes it is morally counterintuitive to be required to lie. Imagine a scenario where there has been a serious crime in a town and the Sheriff is trying to prevent serious rioting. He knows that this rioting is likely to bring about destruction, injury and maybe even death.
Why didn't God kill or destroy Satan?
The problem is that he has no leads; he has not the slightest idea who committed the crime. However, he can prevent these riots by lying to the town and framing an innocent man. No one will miss the man and he is hated in the town. If he frames and jails this innocent man, convincing people to believe that it was this man that committed the crime, then the town will be placated and people will not riot. The consequentialist will judge in this case that it is morally required that the Sheriff lies even if this means that an innocent man is jailed.
Which Medical Marketing Lies Can Kill Your Practice
This then shows that the fact that the consequentialist says it is sometimes morally required to lie can lead to counterintuitive conclusions. If lying to your gran brings about the best consequences — i. Notice, however, that the consequentialist would say that we ought to lie; not just that it is acceptable to lie but that we have a moral obligation to lie. Consider the sheriff example; it could be that the real criminal confesses resulting in worse consequences than if the truth had been told at the outset. Now, not only will there be riots but there will also be no trust in the law enforcement.
So, in fact, lying would bring about worse consequences, which means it would be wrong to lie. If your brother tells his gran that you lied, then we can imagine that this might mean she would not be able ever to trust her grandchildren again, may give up knitting, and thus make her unhappier than if she had originally been told the truth about the jumper. So rather than first defining good and then defining the right and wrong actions they first define right and wrong. How they might do this will depend on what type of deontologist they are. The Kantians ground the rightness and wrongness on reason.
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We can show, using this, that Kant — and in fact all deontologists — think that the action of lying is wrong in all cases. Even if the consequence is saving a billion people, your own mother or an orphanage of children. Kant said that we should always treat others as an end in themselves, and never solely as a means to an end. We can see that this makes lying wrong.
7 Lies About Money That Can Kill Your Financial Future
For if we lie to someone then we are not treating them as an end in themselves but are controlling what they can do by taking certain decisions out of their hands; we are basically saying we should be allowed to deceive them for our own ends. We are not treating them as rational agents and for the Kantian this is always morally wrong. However, it is perhaps less so if we revisit our definition of lying. Go back to the soldier case. Imagine she is being tortured for military codes. It seems that one way to stop the consequence that hundreds of thousands of people die would be simply to say nothing.
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And, given our definition, saying nothing would not be lying. So the Kantian may not be committed to the implausible conclusion that she has to reveal the secrets. Keeping silent is not the same as lying. See "black lie" and "blue lie" above. Once a lie has been told, there can be two alternative consequences: it may be discovered or remain undiscovered. Under some circumstances, discovery of a lie may discredit other statements by the same speaker and may lead to social or legal sanctions against the speaker, such as ostracizing or conviction for perjury.
Hannah Arendt spoke about extraordinary cases in which an entire society is being lied to consistently. She said that the consequences of such lying are "not that you believe the lies, but rather that nobody believes anything any longer. This is because lies, by their very nature, have to be changed, and a lying government has constantly to rewrite its own history.
On the receiving end you get not only one lie—a lie which you could go on for the rest of your days—but you get a great number of lies, depending on how the political wind blows. The question of whether lies can be detected reliably through nonverbal means is a subject of some controversy. Polygraph " lie detector " machines measure the physiological stress a subject endures in a number of measures while giving statements or answering questions.
Spikes in stress indicators are purported to reveal lying. The accuracy of this method is widely disputed. In several well-known cases, application of the technique was proven to have been deceived. Nonetheless, it remains in use in many areas, primarily as a method for eliciting confessions or employment screening. The unreliability of polygraph results are the basis of such evaluations not being admissible as court evidence and, generally, the technique is perceived to be pseudoscience.
A recent study found that composing a lie takes longer than telling the truth and thus, the time taken to answer a question may be used as a method of lie detection, [34] however, it also has been shown that instant answers with a lie may be proof of a prepared lie. A recommendation provided to resolve that contradiction is to try to surprise the subject and find a midway answer, not too quick, nor too long. Aristotle believed no general rule on lying was possible, because anyone who advocated lying could never be believed, he said. Augustine , St.
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Thomas Aquinas , and Immanuel Kant , condemned all lying, [37] Thomas Aquinas did advance an argument for lying, however. According to all three, there are no circumstances in which, ethically, one may lie. Even if the only way to protect oneself is to lie, it is never ethically permissible to lie even in the face of murder, torture, or any other hardship. Each of these philosophers gave several arguments for the ethical basis against lying, all compatible with each other.
Among the more important arguments are:. In Lying , neuroscientist Sam Harris argues that lying is negative for the liar and the person who's being lied to. To say lies is to deny others access to reality, and often we cannot anticipate how harmful lies can be. The ones we lie to may fail to solve problems they could have solved only on a basis of good information.
To lie also harms oneself, makes the liar distrust the person who's being lied to. Harris asserts that honesty allows one to have deeper relationships and to bring all dysfunction in one's life to the surface. In Human, All Too Human , philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche suggested that those who refrain from lying may do so only because of the difficulty involved in maintaining lies.
This is consistent with his general philosophy that divides or ranks people according to strength and ability; thus, some people tell the truth only out of weakness. Possession of the capacity to lie among non-humans has been asserted during language studies with great apes.
In one instance, the gorilla Koko , when asked who tore a sink from the wall, pointed to one of her handlers and then laughed. Deceptive body language, such as feints that mislead as to the intended direction of attack or flight, is observed in many species.
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Sun Tzu declared that "All warfare is based on deception. It is asserted that the capacity to lie is a talent human beings possess universally. The evolutionary theory proposed by Darwin states that only the fittest will survive and by lying, we aim to improve other's perception of our social image and status, capability, and desirability in general.
Although men and women lie at equal frequencies, men are more likely to lie in order to please themselves while women are more likely to lie to please others.