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He became a missionary to China and, as such, lived and worked in China for where he soon distinguished himself as a teacher of the New Testament and of Thus for nearly forty years he worked as a successful “educational missionary.
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Latin was one of the things which were taught by the Jesuits. The Jesuits were also very active in transmitting Chinese knowledge to Europe, such as translating Confucius 's works into European languages. Ricci in his De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas had already started to report on the thoughts of Confucius; he and, earlier, Michele Ruggieri made attempts at translating the Four Books , the standard introduction into the Confucian canon. The book contained an annotated Latin translation of three of the Four Books and a biography of Confucius.
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Chinese linguistics, sciences, and technologies were also reported to the West by Jesuits. Polish Michal Boym authored the first published Chinese dictionaries for European languages, both of which were published posthumously: the first, a Chinese—Latin dictionary, was published in , and the second, a Chinese—French dictionary, was published in His Vie de Confucius , the twelfth volume of that collection, was more complete and accurate than any predecessors.
Rodrigues and other Jesuits also began compiling geographical information about the Chinese Empire. In the early years of the 18th century, Jesuit cartographers travelled throughout the country, performing astronomical observations to verify or determine the latitude and longitude relative to Beijing of various locations, then drew maps based on their findings. To disseminate information about devotional, educational and scientific subjects, several missions in China established printing presses: for example, the Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique Sienhsien , established in In the early 18th century, a dispute within the Catholic Church arose over whether Chinese folk religion rituals and offerings to the emperor constituted paganism or idolatry.
This tension led to what became known as the "Rites Controversy," a bitter struggle that broke out after Ricci's death and lasted for over a hundred years. At first the focal point of dissension was the Jesuit Ricci's contention that the ceremonial rites of Confucianism and ancestor veneration were primarily social and political in nature and could be practiced by converts.
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The Dominicans, however, charged that the practices were idolatrous, meaning that all acts of respect to the sage and one's ancestors were nothing less than the worship of demons. A Dominican carried the case to Rome where it dragged on and on, largely because no one in the Vatican knew Chinese culture sufficiently to provide the pope with a ruling.
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Naturally, the Jesuits appealed to the Chinese emperor, who endorsed Ricci's position. Understandably, the emperor was confused as to why missionaries were attacking missionaries in his capital and asking him to choose one side over the other, when he might very well have simply ordered the expulsion of all of them. The timely discovery of the Nestorian monument in enabled the Jesuits to strengthen their position with the court by answering an objection the Chinese often expressed — that Christianity was a new religion.
The Jesuits could now point to concrete evidence that a thousand years earlier the Christian gospel had been proclaimed in China; it was not a new but an old faith. The emperor then decided to expel all missionaries who failed to support Ricci's position.
The Spanish Franciscans , however, did not retreat without further struggle. Eventually they persuaded Pope Clement XI that the Jesuits were making dangerous accommodations to Chinese sensibilities. In Rome decided against the ancient use of the words Shang Di supreme emperor and Tian heaven for God. Again, the Jesuits appealed this decision. Among the last Jesuits to work at the Chinese court were Louis Antoine de Poirot — and Giuseppe Panzi before who worked for the Qianlong Emperor as painters and translators.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
See also: Rabban bar Sauma. See also: History of science and technology in China. Main article: Chinese Rites controversy.
Left image : a description of a windlass well, in Agostino Ramelli , Right image : Description of a windlass well, in Diagrams and explanations of the wonderful machines of the Far West , Since Italians, Spaniards, Germans, Belgians, and Poles participated in missions too, the total of probably only counts European Jesuits, and does not include Chinese members of the Society of Jesus. Dunne, Generation of Giants , p. June The Journal of Modern History.
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