Manual End of the Counter Revolution: End of the 3rd US Civil War

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of war in Siberia and other matters connected with the ending of World War I. Even if Our opposition to the Chinese revolution has been a vital factor in U.S. As allies of the Nationalists on Taiwan we were participants in the Chinese civil war. U.S. official hostility toward revolutions in the Third World has not changed​.
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Prominent universities issued statements of solidarity, doctors marched wearing their white coats, lawyers mobilized, gave talks and offered free legal assistance, artists staged a sit-in at the state-run TV station and different efforts to organize in the workplace or revive unions were observed.

Across the country, people from different walks of life, raised the Lebanese flag, sang the national anthem and joined hands to form a human chain from north to south, along the coastal highway. They blocked roads but built bridges and connected neighborhoods supposedly on the opposite sides of the political spectrum. If the protesters did not unanimously call for a secular state, their attempts to distinguish between politics and religion were clearly visible in their discourses and practices. Many Muslim and Christian protesters displayed their own religious beliefs while insulting their sectarian leaders.

Others condemned the political instrumentalization of religion, asserting that being born and raised in a given community and even embracing its belief system do not necessarily mean adhering to its corresponding political party. Some even prayed together for Lebanon, affirming that religious and cultural differences are not per se a source of conflict. In the streets, protesters strive to live their ideals and practice the values they endorse and through personal daily acts of resistance, they are building the country they aspire to.

Women are shattering stereotypes and reclaiming the streets and with graffiti, dance and humor, protesters are fighting for their freedom of expression, in a country that can arrest a citizen for a tweet. In different towns, youth are camping overnight and playing music and football to fight the usurpation and increased privatization of public space.

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Families and children are waking up early to clean the streets and recycle in a country that lacks a green waste management plan. In Downtown Beirut, they reopened the doors of the abandoned Grand Theatre, in a country that often failed to protect its heritage and challenged the neoliberal policies and state-sponsored amnesia that shaped the post-war reconstruction process of the city center. After the army forcibly opened many roads on November 5, protesters did not back down.

Thousands of Lebanese rallied outside various public institutions and state-affiliated companies while many neighborhoods started banging pots in the evening.


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Most university students did not return to class and the massive mobilization of school students across the country, was unprecedented. They skipped school, led marches and protested in front of the Ministry of Education to reclaim their future. While protesters are determined to pressure the political establishment to form a government composed of independent experts not aligned with the sectarian-based parties the counter-revolution is resorting to its old techniques, trying to ignite sectarian tensions push for a general amnesty law as in to escape accountability.

At the time of this writing, the questions are many. What is the best way forward to lead the country out of the economic crisis and prepare the grounds for a more democratic system? If the days ahead risk to be stormy, the winds of change are blowing since October 17 and while the autumn leaves are falling, new seeds are being planted across the country, patiently waiting to bloom. If you have any queries about republishing please contact us. Please check individual images for licensing details. Our work gets results. Make a donation. Projects Close Close Please type and press enter Submit.

North Africa, West Asia. Alexandra Kassir. Share this Share on Twitter. They had nothing in common with the peasants in Russia or China before the revolutions in those countries or with the large majority of people in Latin America today. For good reasons the colonists were irked, but they were not really oppressed. The issues involved in the American Revolution were not so profound or fateful as those at stake in recent or contemporary revolutions. The significant differences between the spokesmen of the colonies and the majority in the British Parliament, and the debates about them, prepared the way intellectually for the formation of the American union.

Counter-Revolution in the Yemen

The importance of the second and third issues is obvious for decisions about a written constitution, which later was interpreted as involving judicial review of acts of Congress, and for a federal union of states having partial autonomy under a national government. However, with respect to the first of those issues, I find fascinating the British idea of "virtual representation," which meant that so long as Parliament was a mixed deliberative body of persons that represented a variety of interests and opinions, then representation was real and valid even though citizens could not vote for members of Parliament.

The slogan "No taxation without representation" came up against this doctrine. Edmund Burke, who believed in the principle of "virtual representation" in other contexts, denied that it applied to the American colonies; he cited their distance, the size of their populations, and his trust in their own legislatures to take action on taxation necessary for the well-being of the empire.

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In this bicentennial year would it not be appropriate to take note of our debt to the British statesmen who were on our side, among them Burke; Charles James Fox and Lord Chatham? It is interesting that the British poor did not overcome the discriminatory effects of the idea of "virtual representation" until the third reform act in Hannah Arendt, in her illuminating book On Revolution Viking, , exalts the American Revolution as the most successful one and traces that success to the fact that "it occurred in a country that knew nothing of mass poverty and among a people who had a widespread experience of self-government;" She says that one of the blessings in the American situation was that the revolution grew out of a conflict with a limited monarchy, for "the more absolute the ruler, the more absolute the revolution will be which replaces him.

Regarding the first of these, opponents were harassed and many fled the country, often to the advantage of Canada, but we have good reason to rejoice that there were no mass executions and no organized persecutions of revolutionary factions.

American Civil War in 10 Minutes

As for the second, Alexander Hamilton put the matter very well in the first of The Federalist Papers: "It has been frequently remarked that it seems to have been reserved for the people of this country, by their conduct and example to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend for their political constitutions on accident and force.

Part of the explanation of our present counterrevolutionary stance and of our tendency to deliver self-righteous official lectures to most of humanity is that our revolution did not prepare us to understand these recent revolutions. Suffering from desperate poverty and oppressive social inequalities, and lacking the advantage of going against "limited monarchies," they had to be social revolutions.

We were fortunate that, because of the historical circumstances and some of the spiritual and intellectual preparations for our revolution, our founding fathers avoided the absolutistic utopianism that so often distorts revolutions. There is a famous passage in The Federalist Papers No.

In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. There is a necessary side of government as it maintains order to which the concept does apply. But it is not true when government functions as the instrument of cooperation in the community, often the national community.

Bertram D. Wolfe: Civil War in Spain ()

Although even this side of government -- as in its provisions for education and for many social services -- has to make use of coercion in the collection of taxes, it is highly creative, based on persuasion. This function of government is necessary even if there is much virtue in the population. The second sentence in the quotation above represents the best political wisdom, but unfortunately such wisdom does not often flourish in the midst of revolutions or of the struggles to defend the gains of revolution. Our revolution prepared the way for two centuries of free economic enterprise with minimal checks on private centers of economic power.

There was not even the slightest lead to give help in the struggles for economic justice as the nation became industrialized and as the frontier to which less fortunate members of society could escape became virtually closed. In this sense the American Revolution was one-sided, and today it is as important to take note of that one-sidedness as it is to celebrate the great things that were accomplished or for which the way was prepared.

No, it's not over for the Sudanese revolution

For example, only recently have white Americans come to realize with any adequacy the terrible racial blind spots of our founders. Even those founders who personally opposed slavery had no idea that races should be equal in a nondiscriminatory and nonsegregated society. As for native Americans, their story has been equally grim, and even less has been done to promote their equal citizenship. Today, years after the American Revolution, 25 to 30 million of our people live in poverty, most of them in decaying cities that blight their entire environment.

Unemployment is regarded as a tradeoff for the values of economic freedom, but those. To me, the greatest scandal of all is the bland indifference to this fact on the part of those who have the most power in our country: in many cities, 40 per cent of the young people are without work and may well belong permanently to a subculture of unemployment even after the economy as a whole recovers from recession.

Gains have been made since the depression of the s, and the serious victims in our society are about one-sixth of the population rather than one-third; but one-sixth represents many millions, and its presence indicates the need for a continuing revolution. We have been accustomed to assuming that our revolution and our way of life provide an example that other countries should follow. Daniel P. Moynihan gained great popularity from his self-righteous histrionics in the UN, but his stance in relation to the Third World is an example of what should be avoided by representatives of the United States.

This is a time to celebrate the many achievements of our revolution. We should be extremely grateful that our founders were able to establish a system of government that has made possible both stability and orderly change throughout most of our history. It proved to be remarkably resilient during the Watergate crisis. That the Bill of Rights and later the equal-protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment have been resources for both freedom and justice should be a source of pride.

And yet, as we live with other nations whose histories have been so different from ours, we should recognize how one-sided our revolution was. Other nations have had to set different priorities, and their revolutionary experiments represent an opposite one-sided-ness.


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    8. Their need has been to establish governments strong enough to preserve unity and order and to overcome the effects of centuries of economic stagnation and poverty. We had the advantages, usually denied today, of a small population, enormous resources, and a background of experience with representative government.