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Table of contents
- MEDICAL LATIN
- The language of medicine
- Preface | Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e | AccessMedicine | McGraw-Hill Medical
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At that time a Roman aristocrat from Narbonensis now Narbonne in the South of France by the name of Aulus Cornelius Celsus wrote De Medicina , which was an encyclopaedic overview of medical knowledge based on Greek sources.
MEDICAL LATIN
He is sometimes called Cicero medicorum the Cicero of doctors on account of his elegant Latin. Celsus faced the difficulty that most Greek medical terms had no Latin equivalents, and the manner in which he solved this problem is of considerable interest from a linguistic point of view. First, he imported a few Greek terms directly, even preserving their Greek grammatical endings. He included, for instance, the Greek words pyloros now pylorus and eileos now ileus , written with Greek letters in his Latin text.
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Secondly, he latinized Greek words, writing them with Latin letters and replacing Greek endings by Latin ones—e. Thirdly, and most importantly, he retained the vivid imagery of the Greek anatomical terminology by translating Greek terms into Latin, such as dentes canini from Greek kynodontes dog teeth and caecum from Greek to typhlon the blind [gut]. Thus, we can still enjoy the old Greek tradition of likening the shape of anatomical structures to, for instance, musical instruments e. Some of these words are the original Greek ones, while others are Latin equivalents introduced by Celsus and his successors.
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- The language of medicine!
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During the Middle Ages a third language gained importance as many of the classical Greek medical texts were translated into Arabic. Scholars from the Arab world also made original contributions to medical literature, and a few Arabic terms e. However, at the time of the renaissance, when Greek was no longer widely understood, both Greek and Arabic works were translated into Latin, and the era of medical Latin began.
Celsus' De Medicina appeared in print as early as , only a couple of decades after the introduction of the printing press, and it was followed by Latin editions of Galen. During the subsequent centuries almost all important medical works were published in Latin e. Medical Latin continued to be ordinary Latin with the admixture of numerous Greek and Latin medical terms. Gradually, however, the national languages gained ground at the expense of Latin, and in Britain William Heberden's Commentarii was probably the last notable medical work to be written in Latin.
It appeared in and Dr Johnson referred to the author as ultimus Romanorum the last of the Romans. In other countries medical Latin survived a little longer: Then followed the era of the national medical languages, such as medical English i. A few of these, especially French, German and English, replaced Latin as vehicles for international communication, but most of the others were only used nationally. The national medical languages had much in common since most of the medical terms were derived from medical Latin, but there were systematic differences that still persist. In Germanic languages such as the German, Dutch and Scandinavian ones, anatomical terms and disease names are often imported directly with their correct Latin endings, e.
English is a Germanic language but half its vocabulary is of Romance origin, and medical English tends to follow the Romance pattern except in placing the adjective before the noun, e.
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In Slav languages it is customary to translate the terms, e. Modern Greek is noteworthy in allowing only Greek terms, including many of those that Celsus translated into Latin two millennia ago. The musculocutaneous nerve, for instance, is to myodermatiko neuro. However, the distinction described here between a Germanic, a Romance and a Slav pattern is no more than a tendency with numerous exceptions.
English-speaking doctors also accept direct loans with Latin endings e.
The language of medicine
Coronararterien for arteriae coronariae or translate them into German e. The national medical languages did not confine themselves to importing terms already found in medical Latin. If your institution subscribes to this resource, and you don't have a MyAccess Profile, please contact your library's reference desk for information on how to gain access to this resource from off-campus.
Since the first edition was published 65 years ago, virtually every area of medicine and medical education has evolved remarkably, and many new fields have emerged. While retaining the founding goals of Harrison's , this edition has been modified extensively in light of the varied needs of the book's readers and the diverse methods and formats by which information is now acquired and applied. Many of the updates and changes described here have been undertaken with the modern educational and clinical environments in mind.
This new edition offers a thoroughly updated presentation of the classic pathophysiologic basis of clinical medicine and details the cutting-edge methods and tools that are now available for the assessment of symptoms and the effective management of diseases in the modern patient-care environment. The text is supplemented by germane new photographs, radiographs, illustrations, atlases, patient-care algorithms, tables, and practical demonstrative videos. In the interest of producing the most practical format possible for the 19th edition, a new system of referencing has been used. Detailed bibliographic listings, with summaries of articles' relevance to practice, appear in the online edition, replacing the general and limited collection of Suggested Readings that appeared in the prior print editions.
Preface | Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e | AccessMedicine | McGraw-Hill Medical
The 19th edition of Harrison's is designed for accessibility and flexibility. The print textbook is available in two volumes. Volume 1 focuses on the foundations of medicine and the understanding and assessment of cardinal disease manifestations; Volume 2 focuses on specific diseases, by system. This functional division will be helpful to students who are mastering the basis of clinical medicine and to clinicians who are more focused on gaining an advanced understanding of mechanisms and patient care in specific diseases.
All of these options provide access to our numerous e-chapters as well as to videos and atlases. Additional resources include the Harrison's Self-Assessment and Board Review , a useful study guide based on information in the 19th edition, and the Harrison's Manual of Medicine , a pocket version of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. A new Harrison's collection of case vignettes emphasizing differential diagnostic considerations in the assessment of cardinal manifestations will also be available.
Advances in medical science have been spectacular since Harrison's was first published in At that time, peptic ulcer disease was thought to be caused by stress, nearly every tumor that was not resected resulted in death, rheumatic heart disease was widely prevalent, and hepatitis B and HIV infection were unknown.
In the intervening years, both the infectious cause of and the cure for peptic ulcer disease were identified; advances in diagnosis and treatment made it possible to cure two-thirds of cancers; rheumatic heart disease virtually disappeared; atherosclerotic coronary artery disease waxed and thenat least in part through management of modifiable risk factorsbegan to wane; hepatitis B and its consequences, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, became preventable by a vaccine; and HIV, first viewed as a uniformly fatal worldwide scourge, became a treatable chronic disease.
Notably, emerging and reemerging diseases have presented significant challenges to medical research and practice, while a new understanding of systems-wide concepts such as the microbiome offers exciting new possibilities for understanding and managing health and disease in ways never before possible. The updates cover the latest treatment protocols and address the issue of combination prevention modalities, making the chapter the most up-to-date and comprehensive treatise on HIV disease available.
Several other chapters likewise reflect the rapid pace of advancement in the field of immune-related diseases and their treatment. In addition, a new chapter on IgG4-mediated disease summarizes an important and newly recognized constellation of entities.
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Readers will find expanded coverage of the neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting advances in their classification and management and delineating the new understanding of mechanisms responsible for the deposition and spread of pathogenic protein aggregates in these disorders. The chapter on chronic hepatitis discusses in detail the dramatic new discoveries in the use of direct-acting antiviral agents for the treatment of hepatitis C virus disease; these agents are responsible for some of the most exciting therapeutic advances in medicine today.
The rapidly expanding application of genetic knowledge to medicine is covered in many chapters, including a new chapter on microbial genomics and infectious diseases and substantially updated chapters on the human microbiome and chromosomal genetic disorders. Other new chapters address timely topics such as the impact of climate change on disease, infections in U. Another topic of increasing interest, the impact of aging on health and disease, is addressed by several chapters, including a newly authored chapter on the biology of aging.
A new chapter on men's health complements the updated chapter on women's health. New chapters also address diverse topics including the emerging field of tissue engineering, the examination of the comatose patient, the management of heart failure, the major characteristics of helminths and helminthic infections, specific cardiac valvular disorders, venous and lymphatic diseases of the extremities, renovascular disease, late complications of diabetes, chronic myeloid leukemia, heat-related illnesses, fatigue, polyglandular failure syndromes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.