This collection gathers together the works by John Locke in a single, convenient, high quality, and extremely low priced Kindle volume! Delphi Complete Works of John Locke (Illustrated) (Delphi Series Eight Book 4) Kindle Edition. John Locke is, of course, one of the great thinkers.
Table of contents
Booth, Sir George, his insurrection to favour the Restoration, its defeat, i. Bowls, the game practised by S. Bribes given by Louis XIV. Bridgman, Sir Orlando, appointed Lord Keeper, ii. Bridgwater, Earl of, letter from him to S. Bristol, Earl of, character of him by S. Brodrick, his reports to Hyde on the politics of S. Broghill, Lord, afterwards Earl of Orrery see Orrery. Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, released from prison by the aid of S. Coventry, who is sent to the Tower, 3 ; his rivalry with Arlington is supported by S.
Morrice ; letter from S. Burnet, Bishop, his suggestion that Crom- well offered to make S. Burton's Diary, reports of S. Butler, Colonel, his letter to S. Butler, Samuel, his Satire on S. Cabal, or Cabinet, temp. Campbell, Lord, his Life of S. Canonbury House, Islington, a residence of S. Capel, Lady, aunt of the first wife of S. Carlisle, Earl of, letter to from S.
Carlyle's errors with reference to S. Carolina, granted by Charles II. Cashiobury, the early home of S. Castlemaine, Lady see Cleveland, Duchess of. Catherine, Queen of Charles II. Cattle see Irish Cattle Bill. Cecil, Lady Frances, the second wife of S. Iv ; her death, V Iviii Ixxvi ; speech on Dr. Chancellor of the Exchequer, S. Chancery, Court of, its abolition passed by Barebone's Parliament, i.
Baron Ashley, appoints the latter Chan- cellor of the Exchequer and Under Treasurer, ; opposed to the legisla- tion of the High Church party, his desire for religious toleration, , , ; his marriage, ; his desire to pass the " Dispensing Bill," ; his estrange- ment from Clarendon, ; S. Giles, ; appoints hint; a Treasuiy Commissioner, ; dishonourable pro- posals to Miss Stuart, her marriage to the Duke of Richmond, , ; makes Buckingham chief favourite and leading minister, ii.
James's Park, 45 ; enforces a " stop of the exchequer," its immediate consequences, 56 ; the King's "explana- tory declaration" appeases discontent, 57; makes a ''Declaration of Indul- gence" for Dissenters and Roman Ca- tholics, 71 ; his object in promoting the Dutch war, 78 ; creates Ashley Earl of Shaftesbury and Baron Cooper, 84 ; his negotiations with the Pope to establish Popery, 87, 89, 99 ; speech to Parliament defending " Declaration of Indulgence," ; appoints S.
Lord Chancellor, 93 ; justifies the issue of new writs by S. VII, cxvii ; reigns without a Parliament, ; refuses S. Lieutenant of the Tower, his kindness to S. Chicheley, Commissioner of Ordnance, notices of by S. Christian names of Shaftesbury, i. Church reform see Religion. Clarendon, Earl of Edward Hyde , his de- scription of S. Cleveland, Duchess of Castlemaine, Lady , her opposition to Clarendon, i. Iviii ; his violent speech against the Test Bill, ; his Popish enthusiasm, ; resigns as Lord Treasurer on the passing of the Test Act, ; his retirement and death, ; anecdotes of him by Evelyn, ; extracts from Williamson's corre- spondence, App.
Colbert de Croissy, M. College, Stephen, a follower of S. Comminges, Count de, French Ambassador, his notices of S. Commission for the trial of the Regicides, S. Commission to command the army, S. Committee for Sequestrations, its report on the estates of S. Commonwealth established after the fall of Richard Cromwell, i.
Conventicle Act see Religion. Convention Parliament see Parliament. Conway, Lord, his quarrel with S. Cooper, Cecil, first son of S. Cooper, Sir George, his grateful letter to his brother, 8. Cooper, Philippa, sister of S. Cooper, Sir John, father of S. Cooper, Sir William, gives bail for S. Corfe besieged by the Parliament, i. Corporation Act passed by Charles II. Coste, Peter, on Locke's friendship with and opinions of S. Council of State appointed by Cromwell, i. Court of Chancery see Chancellor, Chan- cery. Court of Wards, abuses in, S. Coventry, Henry, sent to S.
Williamson on imprisonment of S. Coventry, Margaret, first wife of S. Coventry, Sir John, assaulted and woun ded, letter to S. Cromwell, Henry son of Oliver Crom- well , letter from S. Cromwell, Mary, statement that S. Cromwell, Oliver, remits the fine on sequestration of the estates of S. IV, Ixv ; motives of S.
Cromwell, Richard, nominated as one of " Cromwell's Peers," i. Cropredy Bridge, battle of, i. Ixxi ; opposes Dutch war and French alliance, ; proposes a non-resistance "Test Bill," ; opposed by S. Ixxvii ; his sym- pathy with Holland. XXXV French subsidies produced, his impeach- ment, ; negotiates with Opposition, ; new Parliament adverse to him, ; account by S. Dangerfield, his plot, charging S.
Death, punishment of, in , i. Da Bordeaux, French Ambassador, on the offer of the throne to Monk, i. Desborough supports Richard Cromwell, i. De Witt negotiates the Triple Alliance, ii. Diary kept by S. Digby, Lord, quarrel of S. Dispensing Bill see Act of Uniformity and Religion. Dolben, Archbishop of York, his friend- ship for S.
Dorchester, surrenders to the King's army, i. Dorchester House, Covent Garden, a resi- dence of S. Double returns of members of Parliament, i. Dover, secret treaty between France and England against Holland signed at, ii. Downing, Sir George, Ambassador to the Hague, ii. Ix ; claim at last recognized, Dryden, his satires on S. Dunkirk sold to France, i. Dupuy, valet of the Duke of York, ac- cused of the murder of Godfrey, ii.
Durham House, Strand, a residence of S. Dutch war, declared, opposed by Claren- don, promoted by S. Dysart, Countess of, afterwards Duchess of Lauderdale see Lauderdale. Ely Rents, Holbom, the property of S i 7, 8 ; App. Emigration, the result of religious in- tolerance, iii. Essex, Earl of, his mysterious death in the.
Tower, various opinions on, ii. Evelyn, John, proposed marriage of his niece to S. Morrice, 45; on the qualities of the sycamore, 51 ; ascribes the " Stop of the Exchequer" to Clifford 65 ; member of Council of Trade and Plantations, Exchequer, Chancellor of see Chancellor of the Exchequer. Exchequer see "Stop of the Exchequer". Execution of Charles I. II , xxxiv xli. Exeter College, Oxford, life of S. Exeter, Earl of, his daughter married to S.
Fanshawe, Lady denounces S. Faria, Francisco, states he was hired to murderS. Fiennes, Nathaniel, attacked in a speech byS. Fifth Monarchists excluded by S from toleration, ii. Finch, Sir Heneage, succeeds S. Fire of London, its effects, ii. Fitzharris, Edward, impeached by Com- mons for treason, Lords resolve to pro- ceed at common law, S. Fleetwood concurs in the recognition of Richard Cromwell, i. Ixxiv Foreigners see Naturalization of Fo- reigners. Fortune telling, skill of S. Fox, Charles James, his opinion of S. Gardening, apple trees planted by S. Evelyn's remarks on the sycamore, 50; letter from S.
Gardening in the seventeenth century, i. Gentry of the West of England in the seventeenth century, i. Godfrey, Sir Edmund Bury, murder of, ii. Godolphin, Sidney, made Privy Councillor, ii. Goldsmiths' Hall, fines for recovering sequestered estates received at, i. Government interference in Parliamentary elections see Parliament.
Grafton, Duke of, son of Charles II. Grey, Lord, his calumnies against S. Guinea stock, speculations of S. Habeas Corpus Act carried by S. Halifax, Lord, his relationship to S. Hallam, his opinions of S. Hampden, his attempted arrest by Charles I. Hampton Court Palace offered to, but refused by, Cromwell, i. Hanley bowling green, Dorsetshire, i. Harwich, flight of S.
Haselrig, Sir Arthur, his description of the ejection of the "Rump" Parlia- ment, i. Hawking, practised by S. Hebden, the Russian resident, his notices of S. Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I. Hertford, Marquis of, commands the Royal army, i.
- Online Library of Liberty.
- SOME THOUGHTS CONCERNING EDUCATION.!
- ?
Hewson, Colonel, one of "Cromwell's Peers," attacked in a speech by S. John, chaplain to S. Holland see Dutch war. Holies, Denzil afterwards Lord Holies , his relationship to S. Hooke House, Dorsetshire, proposed by S. Horses belonging to S. Howard of Escrick, Lord, committed to the Tower, ii. Hunt dinner at Tewkesbury, i. Hyde, Ann, Duchecs of York see York. Hyde, Earl of Clarendon see Clarendon. Inspruek, Archduchess of, her proposed marriage to the Duke of York, ii. Interest of money, Parliamentary report on, ii. Ireland, its representation in Richard Cromwell's Parliament, i.
Irish cattle, bill to prohibit importation, supported by S , i. Ireton, the regicide, attainted, his body exhumed and hung at Tyburn, i. Isle of Wight, S. Jenkins, Sir Leoline, appointed Secretary of State, ii. Keck, Abraham, a merchant of Amster- dam, death of S. Lambert, Colonel, his influence in restor- ing the "Rump" Parliament, i. Land, decay of rents, remedies proposed by S. Lauderdale, Duke of, his co-operation with S. Lauderdale, Duchess of, Burnet's notice of her, ii. Law-reform Commission , S. Law-reforms projected in Barebone's Par- liament, i. Le Clerc, on Locke's friendship with S.
Letters and Reports by S. Ixxiv ; to Locke on the marriage of his son, second Earl, ii. Mor- rice, 44, 47, ; to Dr. Grimstone, Iv ; Sir R. Highmore, ; Earl of Bridgwater, ; Lord Holies, ; Locke, on politics, ; Locke, on arrangements for his residence at Oxford, Thynne to Sir W. Coventry, 98 ; Sir W.
Coventry to Thynne, ; Stringer to Locke on imprisonment of S. Coventry to Sir J. Williamson, ; Danby and Charles II. Stringer to Lady Elizabeth Harris, grand-daughter of S. Locke, John, his "Commonplace Book," i. London, petitions for the recall of the "Rump" Parliament, i. Long Parliament see Parliament. Lords, House of, as nominated by Crom- well 'see Parliament. Ludlow, Edmund, a candidate for Wilt- shire, his account of the election, de- feated by S. Lund, his deposition as to design on the life of S. Luttrell, Narcissus, his Diary, notices of danger to S. Lyme, besieged by Prince Maurice, i, Lytton, Lord, lines on S.
Macaulay, Lord, on S. Fell, 48 ; his opinions of S. Martyn,Benjamin,employedby fourth Earl to write Memoir of S. Sharpe and by Dr. Kippis, edited by G. Cooke, printed, the copies destroyed, Preface, xvi, xvii ; errors in his Life of S. Marvel, Andrew, on the motives of S. Maurice, Prince, commands the Royal army, i. Mazarin, Duchess of, her influence with Charles II. Medal struck to- commemorate acquittal of S. Medici, Cosmo de, dines with S. Military government taken by Parliament from Charles I. Military power reorganized by Cromwell, i.
Militia Act passed by Charles II. Milton, his connection with Cromwell and Thurloe, i. Minors sitting in Parliament, i. Monmouth, Duke of, his legitimization pro- posed by Buckingham, ii. Montagu, Earl of Sandwich? Mordaunt, Lord, his agency in the resto- ration of Charles II.
Moreton, Sir George, account of him by S. Mulgrave, Sheffield, Earl of, lines on S. Newbury, battle of, i. North, Roger, ascribes the "Stop of the Exchequer" to S. Norton, Sir Daniel, guardian of S. Noy, Attorney-General, counsel for S. Oates, Titus, his perjuries in connexion with the Popish Plot, ii. Oath or Test of Protestantism see Reli- gion. Orange, Prince of, advises rejection of terms of peace with Holland, ii. Orleans, Duchess of sister of Charles II. X supports an alliance of England with France, ii.
Orrery, Ean o f, attacked in a speech by S. Osborne, sir Thomas, afterwards Earl of Danby se e Danby. Ossory, Earl of, his quarrel with S. Otway, his satire on S. Oxford, life of S. Pardons granted by Charles II. Parliament, minors sitting in, i. Ixiii ; power of Parliament to make peace and war upheld by S. Lambert, 18ft ; exertions of S. Giles, ; bishops restored to the House, its first measures high church and royalist, ; Corporation Act, Act of Uniformity, and Militia Act passed, provisions of these acts, their mis- chievous nature, ; opposed by S.
Lord Chancellor, discussion on writs issued by him during prorogation, ; King's speech, defends ' ' Declaration of Indul- gence," official speech of S. Ixi ; speeches of S. Shirley's appeal from Chancery to the House of Lords, App. Ixxxiv ; on the Purbeck Peer- age, xcvi ; on the state of the nation, xcix ; on foreign policy and religion, cii ; instructions supposed to be by S. Parliamentary soldiers condemned to death, reprieved by the influence of S. Pemberton, Chief Justice, refuses to admit S. Pembroke, Earl of, tried by his peers for murder, ii.
Pensioned Parliament see Parliament. Pepys, Samuel, on the conduct of S. Peters, Hugh, his share in Law Reform Commission , i. Phoenix Park, Dublin, proposed grant of, to the Duchess of Cleveland, ii. Pilkington, Sheriff of London, dinner given by him to S. Plague, notices of the, i. Plantations see Trade and Plantations. Poole, Dorsetshire, during the Rebellion, i. Popish Plot of see Religion.
Portland, surrenders to the King's army, i. Presbyterian party in the Parliamentary army replaced by Independents, i. Presents by Louis XIV. Pride, Colonel, attacked in a speech by S. Ixviii ; accused of cruelly killing bears, Ixxi. Prideaux, Bishop of Worcester, tutor of S. Prize money see Dutch war. Procession, equestrian, of S.
Punishment of death in , i. Purbeck Peerage, speech of S. Pyne, a servant of S. Querouaille, Mademoiselle de, Duchess of Portsmouth see Portsmouth. Radnor, Earl of, speech in conference with Charles II. Raleigh, Sir Walter, his head buried in his son's coffin, i. Records, report of Master of the Rolls to S. Regicides, discussions in Parliament as to their punishment, some executed, others spared, i. Registration of titles to land, proposed by Religion, Independents in Parliament and the army, i. Ixxix ; address of Parliament to Charles II.
Ixxviii; Buckingham and S. Ixxvii ; proofs that Charles II. Reports and Letters by S. Reynolds's description of ejection of " Rump " Parliament, i. Roekbourne, Dorsetshire, the property of S. Running the gauntlet, a punishment for deserters, i. Rump Parliament see Parliament. Rupert, Prince, commander of the newt in , ii. Russell, Earl, his misrepresentation of S. Russell, Lord William, refuses a briba from France, ii. Russell, Lady William, her opinion of S. Rutland, Countess of, letters to Locke referring to S.
Rutland, Earl of, marriage of his daughter to Anthony Ashley, son of S. Ruvigny, Marquis de, French Ambassador, his notices of S. James's Park, wrestling match before Charles II. Martin's Lane, house there occupied by S. Salisbury, Earl of, supports motion for dissolution in consequence of proroga- ti on for fifteen months, ii. Bancroft, Archbishop, employs an Italian spy. Sandwich, Montagu, Earl of, letter to S. Savile, Lord, his forged letter to the Scotch Commissioners i.
Scandalum Magnatum, actions of, brought by S. Scot, Thomas, accuses S. Scotch army enters England , i. Scotland, its representation in Richard Cromwell's Parliament, i. Scroggs, Chief Justice, dismisses grand jury from trying indictment against Duke of York, ii.
Sequestration, fine incurred by S. Shaftesbury, Dorsetshire, taken from the Royalists by S. Shaftesbury Anthony Ashley, second Earl of , his birth, i. Shaftesbury, third Earl, his birth, ii. Giles, ; his education by S. Shaftesbury, fourth Earl, employs Martyn to write Memoir of S. Sheriffs of London elected by Court in- trigues, Shorthand written by Sir W. Morrice, Secretary of State, ii.
Short Parliament see Parliament. Sidney, Algernon, references to S. Sidney, Henry see Romney, Earl. Soldiers, Parliamentary, reprieved by S. Southampton, Earl of, made K. Southwell, Sir Robert, letter to S. Ixiii ; in favour of leniency to' the regicides, , , , ; on revenue and the Church, , , , ; against Corporation Act, and Act of Uniformity, , ; on " Dispen- sing. Bill," , ; on swearing in Clitford as Lord Treasurer, ii. Iviii Ixxvi ; after his Lord Chancellorship, App. Spain and France, war between, ii. Spencer, Margaret, third wife of S. Stafford, Viscount, found guilty of treason, ii.
Stillingrieet, Bishop, obtains prebend at request of S. Burnet, and in Life of James II. Storming of Abbotsbury by S. Strangers in the House of Commons, one sent to Newgate, i. Strangways, Sir John, his house stormed and burnt by S. Stringer, Thomas, secretary to S. Sunderland, Earl of, his relationship to S. Suppressed passages from Ludlow's Me- moirs referring to S. Sycamore, the see Gardening. Sydenham, Colonel, with S. Taunton besieged by the Royalists, re- lieved by. Temple, Sir William, negotiates Triple Alliance, ii'. Tewkesbury, a hunt dinner at, represented in Parliament by S.
Thanet House, Aldersgate Street, occupied by S. Thurland, Baron, speech of S. Tillotson, Bishop, his attempt to induce Lord William Russell to disavow his" opinions, ii. Timber, remarks by S. Tongue, a perjured witness with Titus Gates, ii. Tooker, , guardian of S. Tower of London, secured for the Parlia- ment by S. Trade and Plantations, Council for, S. Travelling 'in the seventeenth century, i. Treasury, death of Earl of Southampton, Treasury put in Commission, i. Lord Treasurer, refused ii.
Mi ; Danby succeeds him, ; speech of S. Tregonwell, John, account of him by S. Trenchard, Sir Thomas, notice of by S. Trial and acquittal of S. Trial and execution of Charles I. Trial of the regicides see Regicides. Triennial Act repealed, i. Tunbridge, visit of S. Uniformity see Act of Uniformity. Uvedall, Sir William, account of him by S. Vane executed as a regicide, i. Vicars's Parliamentary Chronicle, on the storming of Abbotsbury, by S. Waller, Edmund, member of Council of Trade and Plantations, ii. Walfingford House site of the present Admiralty , the residence of Fleetwood, i.
War cup, a magistrate, prepares charge of treason against S. Wards see Court of Wards. Wareham, garrisoned by the Royalists,, taken by S. Warwick, Earl of, proposed marriage of his niece to S. Weymouth, surrendered to the. Wheelock, John, servant of S. Wight, Isle of, S. Wilkinson, Captain Henry, endeavour to suborn him to give evidence against S.. Williamson, Sir Joseph, Secretary of State, extracts from his correspondence, ii.
Wilson, Samuel, secretary to S. Giles, Shaftesbury's birth- place, i. Giles, extract from his patent of peerage, ; S. Giles" by Lady Ashley, daughter-in- law of S. Worcestershire, when visited by S. Wrestling match in St. James's Park, for 1,?. Wyche, his "Vindication" of S. York, Ann Hyde, Duchess of, anecdote of her, ii. York, Duke of afterwards James II. He has himself been careful to note that he was born " early in the morn," and that he was "the eldest child then living of his father and mother. He was born in his grandfather's house at Wimborne St. Giles, near Cranborne; "he was nursed," he has written himself, " at Cranborne by one Persee, a tanner's wife.
The order of baronets had been created by James the First ten years before, and in the present year he completed the number, two hundred, of which it was originally provided that the order should consist, and which, it had also been stipulated, was never to be exceeded. Every baronet then paid one thousand and ninety-five pounds for the honour. No one was admitted to it who was not possessed of a thousand pounds a year, clear of encumbrances, and who could not prove descent from a grandfather on the father's side who had borne arms.
Sir John Cooper himself sat in the House of Commons for Poole, in the first and third parlia- ments of Charles the First, and The Ashleys, a younger branch of an ancient Wiltshire family, 3 had been planted at Wimborne St. Giles since the reign of Henry the Sixth ; and their ancestors, traced through heirs female, had been lords of that manor from before the reign of Edward the First. He had been for many years one of the Clerks of the Privy Council. In he went as Royal Commissioner in Norris and Drake's expedition against Portugal, and in he was Commissioner for embarking the troops and Secretary to the Council of War in the expedition of Lords Effingham and Essex against Cadiz.
On his return home he was charged with 1 Collinson's Hist, of Somersetshire, iii. He was John Pym's colleague. Coker's Survey of Dorsetshire, p. Elizabeth Hearne , p. Strype's Annals of Reform, iv. Some of Shaftesbury's biographers have made the mistake of calling Sir A. Ashley Secretary at War to Queen Elizabeth.
There was no such office in those days. When, late in life, he became the proprietor of Wimborne St. Giles, he was a liberal benefactor of the parish. He rebuilt the parish church, and built and endowed almshouses for the relief of eleven old persons. He describes Sir Anthony Ashley as " of a large mind in all his actions, his person of the lowest," and he says that " his daughter was of the same stature ; " while of Sir John Cooper, his father, he says that he was "very lovely and graceful both in face and person, of a mode- rate stature, neither too high nor too low.
He caused him to be christened, in devia- tion from custom, with the double name of Anthony Ashley ; " for notwithstanding," says Shaftesbury, " my grandfather had articled with my father and his guardians that he should change his name to Ashley, 1 Archoeologia, xxii. Ashley's official life was not free from suspicion on other occasions. Giles in Dorsetshire being, as I am told, the first who planted them in England. Ben Jonsoii in his " Volpone," first acted in , describes a busy newsmonger as receiving weekly intelligence " out of the Low Countries in cabbages.
Access Check
But this second marriage seems to have made no ill-will ; a daughter born to Sir John and Lady Cooper two years later was christened Philippa after Lady Cooper's stepmother. Sir Anthony Ashley lived long enough to choose his grandson's first tutor, whom he chose because he was a Puritan, and he died, at the age of seventy-six, on January 13, Six months after his grandfather's death Anthony Ashley Cooper's mother died of small-pox. Her death was on the twentieth of July, She left two chil- dren besides Anthony, a daughter Philippa, two years 1 Fragment of Autobiography. Two Christian names were then uncommon.
Cromwell is said to have called him Marcus Tullius Cicero, the little man with three names. Martyn's Life of Shaftesbury, i. Camdcn mentions that there was a provision in Sir John Cooper's marriage settlement, that, if he or any of his heirs should obtain a peerage, the title was to be Ashley Britannia, Gibson's ed.
Stringer, that Sir A. Cooper was ignorant of such a stipulation when he chose the title of Baron Ashley after the Restoration, and was much rejoiced, on his afterwards becoming acquainted with the settle- ment, that he had unwittingly complied with this provision. Ashley's young widow married Carew Raleigh, the son of Sir Walter, and survived her second husband, who died in He had no children by his second wife. She had had one daughter by Sir Charles Morrison, who lived to inherit Cashiobury, and who passed it to the family to which it still belongs: Cashiobury being the jointure house of his second wife, Sir John Cooper lived there frequently with his family after his second marriage, and Cashiobury was thus the home of Lord Shaftesbury during a portion of his boyish years.
Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper had lost both his parents before he completed his tenth year. He inherited, with other property, very extensive estates in the four counties 1 Philippa Cooper married Sir Adam Brown, baronet, of Betchworth Castle in Surrey, and died at a very advanced age in Aubrey's Surrey, ii George Cooper married, in , one of the daughters and co-heiresses of Alderman Oldfield, of London. Inheriting estates held by tenure of knight-service of the Crown, Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper became a King's ward ; and all his property so held was, during his minority, under the control of the Court of Wards.
Sir John Cooper had left considerable debts, and now, by corrupt means and by the active instrumentality of Sir Francis Ashley, a brother of old Sir Anthony, an order for sale was obtained from the Court of Wards, by which the young baronet's interests were greatly injured. Thus he obtained a decree of sale in which his own friends were named commissioners to the exclusion of the trustees appointed by Sir John Cooper, 2 and properties were sold, much below their 1 See the report of the Inquisition held at Rockborne under the Court of Wards after Sir J.
Cooper's death, in Collins' s Peerage Brydges , iii. The only property there mentioned, out of the four western counties, is "in the county of Middlesex, a messuage in Holborn, called the Black Bull, and divers tenements in Muschamps. Cooper inherited other property, which did not come under the Court of Wards. In the Diary are mentioned a plantation in Barbadoes and an estate in Derbyshire March 23, ; September 11, Many papers relating to these proceedings are preserved in the records of the Court of Wards in the Chapter House, where I have seen a list of the commissioners, which does not contain Sir F.
The trustees, however, refused to convey the lands to these purchasers, and applied to the Court of Wards for time to sell to greater advantage, and for permission for Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper to buy, he having property not in wardship from which he could do so. This was refused, unless the purchaser should consent.
Tregonwell, a Dorsetshire neighbour, who had contracted for Eock- borne, were obdurate. The trustees were then ordered by the Court to convey the estates to those purchasers who insisted ; they refused, and were put in prison and not released till they had executed the conveyances. His property of Ely Rents, Holborn, was bought for him for 1. But who were " the trustees " imprisoned is doubtful. Edward Tooker his brother-in-law , and Mr.
Hannam of Wimborne ; the last declined to act. It appears by a note among the papers at St. It is therefore probable that sales had been actually made by the trustees of Sir John Cooper's will to friends in trust for Sir Anthony ; and that "Wallop and Trenchard, the friends to whom Damerham and Loders were so sold in trust, were the trustees imprisoned. Wallop was in this way trustee for Ely Rents. Diary, November 29, Tregonwell had not good success in his hard dealing, for he was so greedy of a good bargain that he looked not into his title, and this manor proved entailed on my father's marriage with my mother, my father having left this out of the fine he passed on all his other lands when he conveyed them for the discharge of his debts, not intending to sell the place of his father's bones, especially when his other land would more than serve to pay all.
This blot was soon hit, when I came to manage my own matters ; and Mr. Tregonwell's grandchild and myself came to an agree- ment, I suffering him to enjoy his own and his lady's life in the manor, in which I designed to bury all animosity or ill-will as well as lawsuits betwixt the families. The trustees, after the forced conveyance, preferred a bill against him to enforce execution of a trust to which the property was subject, and which he tried to evade.
Sir Francis, knowing that the trustees derived the means of litigation from an estate of Sir Anthony's which was not in wardship, then made an endeavour to bring this property within the control of the Court of Wards. The property thus exempt from wardship had come to the young baronet from his grandfather, probably under his mother's marriage settlement, and the deed had been drawn by the famous Noy, who was at this moment Attorney-General. Shaftesbury, describing these pro- ceedings when he. His trustees made him go himself to Noy to endeavour to prevail on him to be his counsel.
The influence of the Attorney- General in the Court of Wards would probably be all-availing ; but he might, on the other hand, be unwilling to appear against the Crown. Noy was then the King's Attorney, who being a very intimate friend of my grandfather's had drawn that settlement ; my friends advised that I was in great danger if he would not undertake my cause, and yet it being against the King, it was neither proper nor probable he would meddle in it for me ; but weighing the temper of the man, the kindness he had for my grandfather, and his honour so concerned if a deed of that consequence should fail of his drawing, they advised that I must be my own solicitor, and carry the deed myself alone to him, which, being but thirteen years old, I undertook, and performed with that pert- ness that he told me he would defend my cause though he lost his place.
I was at the Court, and he made good his word to the full without taking one penny fees. Attorney Noy argued for me, and my uncle rising up to reply I being then present in Court , before he could speak two 1 Fragment of Autobiography. The Civil War broke it up, and its functions then ceased, never to be revived, for one of the first acts of the legislature after the Eestora- tion was the abolition of the Court of Wards and the military tenures connected with it; and Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper was then able to avenge the losses of his youth by giving a helping hand for the abolition.
Ashley's death as, "by the will of God," November 20, Noy, who was made Attorney-General in January , died August 9, There must therefore be a mistake in Baker's date of Sir F. Ashley was a conspicuous defender of the arbitrary system of Charles the First, and was committed to custody by the House of Lords in , on account of the violence with which he argued at the bar of that House for the Crown, against the Petition of Right.
Ashley had promised to reconvey Damerham and Loders, two of the manors he had become possessed of, to Sir A. Cooper, when he became of full age, and that there was a suit against Holies to compel execution of this promise. On February 13, , the Court declared the promise voluntary and not binding, and pronounced Holles's demurrer good in bar of Sir A. Cooper spoke against the Court of "Wards and for the Excise.
He may have made some addition to his property by his three marriages with daughters of peers, of Lord Coventry, the Earl of Exeter, and Lord Spencer of Wormleighton. He was, through life, careful of his fortune and eager to improve his income by trade and speculation. On the other hand it is to be said, both to the honour of his character and as a sign of his wealth, that there is no trace of his having made any unworthy gains in the confiscations of the Commonwealth, or of his having received or sought any of the various grants so profusely given by Charles the Second among his ministers and courtiers.
After his father's death Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, with his brother and sister, lived with one of the trustees of his father's appointment, Sir Daniel Norton, at South- wick, near Portsmouth. His first tutor, the Puritan whom Sir Anthony Ashley had chosen, now left him. This tutor, by name Guerden, became afterwards a physician, and, Shaftesbury says, had great practice in London. Shaftesbury was an acute discerner of cha- racter ; and if the following account of his first tutor gives the recollections of a boy of ten, his powers of discernment must have been developed early: Fletcher, of whom all that Shaftesbury tells us is, that he was " a very excellent teacher of grammar.
Tooker, who had married a sister of Sir John Cooper, and who lived at Salisbury, and at Madington, eight miles from Salisbury. Lady Norton had wished that they should continue with her, looking to the young baronet as a good match for one of her daughters, and Shaftesbury owns that his young heart was a little touched. Thomas Erie, being of the same age with me, and there being the nearest friendship betwixt us was 1 Fragment of Autobiography. But my being so very young was assisted with the troubles I had already undergone in my own affairs, having now for several years been inured to the complaints of miseries from near relations and oppressions from men in power, being forced to learn the world faster than my book, and in that I was no ill proficient: I chose my uncle Tooker, my surviving trustee, for my guardian, he being most versed in my affairs, my nearest relation, and had the reputation of a worthy man, as indeed he proved.
He was a very honest, industrious man, an hospitable, prudent person, much valued and esteemed, dead and alive, by all that knew him. Prideaux, afterwards Bishop of Worcester. Shaftes- bury says in his Fragment of Autobiography, that he was "under the immediate tuition of Dr. Prideaux," and in the short sketch of his early life, written in , he calls Dr. Prideaux his tutor, and mentions that Mr.
He stayed at Oxford not much longer than a year, and during this time he was entered as a student at Lincoln's Inn, and he probably went up to London from Oxford to keep law terms. The cares of life had come early upon him and disturbed in boyhood the regularity of his education ; he had " learnt the world," in his own expressive words, " faster than his book ; " but the manly business of his boyhood had doubtless helped to quicken the development of his understanding and mould that character, compounded of grave failings and many excellent dispositions, which has made for him so chequered a fame.
Shaftesbury's speeches and writings give ample evidence of early culture. It is best so to do, for health: If children therefore are to be called up early in the morning, it will follow of course, that they must go to bed betimes; whereby they will be accustomed to avoid the unhealthy and unsafe hours of debauchery, which are those of the evenings: I do not say this, as if your son, when grown up, should never be in company past eight, nor never chat over a glass of wine till midnight.
You are now, by the accustoming of his tender years, to indispose him to those inconveniences as much as you can; and it will be no small advantage, that contrary practice having made sitting-up uneasy to him, it will make him often avoid, and very seldom propose midnight revels. But if it should not reach so far, but fashion and company should prevail, and make him live, as others do, above twenty, it is worth the while to accustom him to early rising and early going to bed, between this and that; for the present improvement of his health, and other advantages.
Though I have said, a large allowance of sleep, even as much as they will take, should be made to children when they are little; yet I do not mean, that it should always be continued to them, in so large a proportion, and they suffered to indulge a drowzy laziness in their beds, as they grow up bigger. But whether they should begin to be restrained at seven, or ten years old, or any other time, is impossible to be precisely determined. Their tempers, strength, and constitutions must be considered: If you have accustomed him, as you should do, to rise constantly very early in the Edition: They should constantly be called up, and made to rise at their early hour: This often affrights children, and does them great harm.
And sound sleep, thus broke off with sudden alarms, is apt enough to discompose any one. When children are to be wakened out of their sleep, be sure to begin with a low call, and some gentle motion; and so draw them out of it by degrees, and give them none but kind words and usage, till they are come perfectly to themselves, and being quite dressed, you are sure they are thoroughly awake. The being forced from their sleep, how gently soever you do it, is pain enough to them: Let his bed Bed.
Hard lodging strengthens the parts: And, besides the stone, which has often its rise from this warm wrapping of the reins, several other indispositions, and that which is the root of them all, a tender weakly constitution, is very much owing to down-beds. Besides, he that is used to hard lodging at home, will not miss his sleep where he has most need of it in his travels abroad, for want of his soft bed and his pillows laid in order.
The great cordial of nature Edition: He that can sleep soundly takes the cordial: It is sleep only that is the thing necessary. One thing more there is, which hath a great influence upon the health, and that is going to stool regularly; people that are very loose, have seldom strong thoughts, or strong bodies. But the cure of this, both by diet and medicine, being much more easy than the contrary evil, there needs not much to be said about it: On the other side, costiveness Costiveness.
It being an indisposition I had a particular reason to inquire into, and not finding the cure of it in books, I set my thoughts on work, believing that greater changes than that, might be made in our bodies, if we took the right course, and proceeded by rational steps. Then I considered, that going to stool was the effect of certain motions of the body, especially of the peristaltic motion of the guts.
I considered, that several motions that were not perfectly voluntary, might yet, by use and constant application, be brought to be habitual, if by an unintermitted custom they were at certain seasons endeavoured to be constantly produced. I had observed some men, who, by taking after supper a pipe of tobacco, never failed of a stool; and began to doubt with myself, whether it were not more custom than the tobacco, that gave them the benefit of nature; or at least, if the tobacco did it, it was rather by exciting a vigorous motion in the guts, than Edition: Having thus once got the opinion, that it was possible to make it habitual; the next thing was to consider, what way and means were the likeliest to obtain it.
Then I guessed, that if a man, after his first eating in the morning, would presently solicit nature, and try whether he could strain himself so as to obtain a stool, he might in time, by a constant application, bring it to be habitual. Because the stomach being then empty, if it received any thing grateful to it, for I would never, but in case of necessity, have any one eat, but what he likes, and when he has an appetite, it was apt to embrace it close by a strong constriction of its fibres; which constriction, I supposed, might probably be continued on in the guts, and so increase their peristaltic motion: Because when men eat, they usually relax their thoughts; and the spirits, then free from other employments, are more vigorously distributed into the lower belly, which thereby contribute to the same effect.
Because, whenever men have leisure to eat, they have leisure enough also to make so much court to madam Cloacina, as would be necessary to our present purpose; but else, in the variety of human affairs and accidents, it was impossible to affix it to any hour certain; whereby the custom would be interrupted: Upon these grounds, the experiment began to be tried, and I have known none, who have been steady in the prosecution of it, and taken care to go constantly to the necessary-house, after their first eating, whenever Edition: For, whether they have any motion or no, if they go to the place, and do their part, they are sure to have nature very obedient.
I would therefore advise that this course should be taken with a child every day, presently after he has eaten his breakfast. Let him be set upon the stool, as if disburdening were as much in his power, as filling his belly; and let not him or his maid know any thing to the contrary, but that it is so: For there is reason to suspect that children, being usually intent on their play and very heedless of any thing else, often let pass those motions of nature, when she calls them but gently; and so they, neglecting the seasonable offers, do by degrees bring themselves into an habitual costiveness.
That by this method costiveness may be prevented, I do more than guess: How far any grown people will think fit to make trial of it, must be left to them; though I cannot but say, that considering the many evils that come from that defect, of a requisite easing of nature, I scarce know any thing more conducing to the preservation of health than this is. Once in four and twenty hours, I think is enough; and nobody, I guess, will think it too much. And by this means it is to be obtained without physic, which commonly proves very ineffectual in the cure of a settled and habitual costiveness.
This is all I have to trouble you with, concerning his management, in the ordinary course of his health. Perhaps it will be expected from Edition: Have a great care of tampering that way, lest, instead of preventing, you draw on diseases. Nor even upon every little indisposition is physic to be given, or the physician to be called to children; especially if he be a busy man, that will presently fill their windows with gally-pots, and their stomachs with drugs.
It is safer to leave them wholly to nature, than to put them into the hands of one forward to tamper, or that thinks children are to be cured in ordinary distempers, by any thing but diet, or by a method very little distant from it; it seeming suitable both to my reason and experience, that the tender constitutions of children should have as little done to them as is possible, and as the absolute necessity of the case requires.
A little cold-stilled red poppy-water, which is the true surfeit-water, with ease, and abstinence from flesh, often puts an end to several distempers in the beginning, which, by too forward applications, might have been made lusty diseases. When such a gentle treatment will not stop the growing mischief, nor hinder it from turning into a formed disease, it will be time to seek the advice of some sober and discreet physician. In this part, I hope, I shall find an easy belief; and nobody can have a pretence to doubt the advice of one, who has spent some time in the study of physic, when he counsels you not to be too forward in making use of physic and physicians.
And thus I have done with what concerns the body and health, which reduces itself to these few and easily observable rules. Plenty of open air, exercise, and sleep: Due care being had to keep the body in strength and vigour, so that it may be able Edition: If what I have said in the beginning of this discourse be true, as I do not doubt but it is, viz. For when they do well or ill, the praise or blame will be laid there: As the strength of the body lies chiefly in being able to endure hardships, so also does that of the mind.
And the great principle and foundation of all virtue and worth is placed in this, that a man is able to deny himself his own desires, cross his own inclinations, and purely follow what reason directs as best, though the appetite lean the other way. Parents being wisely ordained by nature to love their children, are very apt, if reason watch not that natural affection very warily; are apt, I say, to let it run into fondness. They love their little ones, and it is their duty: They must not be crossed, forsooth; they must be permitted to have their wills in all things: But to a fond parent, that would not have Edition: The fondling must be taught to strike, and call names; must have what he cries for, and do what he pleases.
Thus parents, by humouring and cockering them when little, corrupt the principles of nature in their children, and wonder afterwards to taste the bitter waters, when they themselves have poisoned the fountain. For when their children are grown up, and these ill habits with them; when they are now too big to be dandled, and their parents can no longer make use of them as playthings; then they complain, that the brats are untoward and perverse; then they are offended to see them wilful, and are troubled with those ill humours, which they themselves infused and fomented in them; and then, perhaps too late, would be glad to get out those weeds which their own hands have planted, and which now have taken too deep root to be easily extirpated.
For he that has been used to have his will in every thing, as long as he was in coats, why should we think it strange that he should desire it, and contend for it still, when he is in breeches? Indeed, as he grows more towards a man, age shows his faults the more, so that there be few parents then so blind, as not to see them! He had the will of his maid before he could speak or go; he had the mastery of his parents ever since he could prattle; and why, now he is grown up, is stronger and wiser than he was then, why now of a sudden must he be restrained and curbed?
Try it in a dog, or an horse, or any other creature, and see whether the ill and resty tricks they have learned when young, are easily to be mended when they are knit: We are generally wise enough to begin with them, when they are very young; and discipline betimes Edition: They are only our own offspring, that we neglect in this point; and having made them ill children, we foolishly expect they should be good men. For if the child must have grapes, or sugar-plums, when he has a mind to them, rather than make the poor baby cry, or be out of humour; why, when he is grown up, must he not be satisfied too, if his desires carry him to wine or women?
They are objects as suitable to the longing of twenty-one or more years, as what he cried for, when little, was to the inclinations of a child. The having desires accommodated to the apprehensions and relish of those several ages, is not the fault; but the not having them subject to the rules and restraints of reason: He that is not used to submit his will to the reason of others, when he is young, will scarce hearken or submit to his own reason, when he is of an age to make use of it.
And what kind of a man such a one is like to prove, is easy to foresee. But, if we look into the common management of children, we shall have reason to wonder, in the great dissoluteness of manners, which the world complains of, that there are any footsteps at all left to virtue. I desire to know what vice can be named, which parents, and those about children, do not season them with, and drop into them the seeds of, as often as they are capable to receive them? I do not mean by the examples they give, and the patterns they set before them, which is encouragement enough; but that which I would take notice of here, is the downright teaching them vice, and actual putting them out of the way of virtue.
Before they can go, they principle them with violence, revenge, and cruelty. But I ask, does not this Edition: The coverings of our bodies, which are for modesty, warmth, and defence, are, by the folly or vice of parents, recommended to their children for other uses.
They are made matter of vanity and emulation. A child is set a longing after a new suit, for the finery of it: Those of the meaner sort are hindered by the streightness of their fortunes, from encouraging intemperance in their children, by the temptation of their diet, or invitations to eat or drink more than enough: But if we look into the houses of those who are a little warmer in their fortunes, there eating and drinking are made so much the great business and happiness of life, that children are thought neglected, if they have Edition: Sauces, and ragouts, and foods disguised by all the arts of cookery, must tempt their palates, when their bellies are full: Is my young master a little out of order?
And where children are so happy in the care of their parents, as by their prudence to be kept from the excess of their tables, to the sobriety of a plain and simple diet; yet there too they are scarce to be preserved from the contagion that poisons the mind. Though by a discreet management, whilst they are under tuition, their healths, perhaps, may be pretty well secured; yet their desires must need yield to the lessons, which every-where will be read to them upon this part of epicurism.
The commendation that eating well has every-where, cannot fail to be a successful incentive to natural appetite, and bring them quickly to the liking and expence of a fashionable table. This shall have from every one, even the reprovers of vice, the title of living well. And what shall sullen reason dare to say against the public testimony? And truly I should suspect, that what I have here said of it might be censured, as a little satire out of my way, did I not mention it with this Edition: I shall not dwell any longer on this subject; much less run over all the particulars, that would show what pains are used to corrupt children, and instil principles of vice into them: It seems plain to me, that the principle of all virtue and excellency lies in a power of denying ourselves the satisfaction of our own desires, where reason does not authorise them.
This power is to be got and improved by custom, made easy and familiar by an early practice. If therefore I might be heard, I would advise, that, contrary to the ordinary way, children should be used to submit their desires, and go without their longings, even from their very cradles. The very first thing they should learn to know, should be, that they were not to have any thing, because it pleased them, but because it was thought fit for them. If things suitable to their wants were supplied to them, so that they were never suffered to have what they once cried for, they would learn to be content without it; would never with bawling and peevishness contend for mastery; nor be half so uneasy to themselves and others as they are, because from the first beginning they are not thus handled.
If they were never suffered to obtain their desire by the impatience they expressed for it, they would no more cry for other things, than they do for the moon. I say not this, as if children were not to be indulged in any thing, or that I expected they should, in hanging-sleeves, have the reason and conduct of counsellors. I consider them as children, who must be tenderly used, who must play, and have play-things.
That which I mean is, that whenever they craved what was not fit for them to have, or do, they should not be Edition: I have seen children at a table, who, whatever was there, never asked for any thing, but contentedly took what was given them: What made this vast difference but this, that one was accustomed to have what they called or cried for, the other to go without it? The younger they are, the less, I think, are their unruly and disorderly appetites to be eomplied with; and the less reason they have of their own, the more are they to be under the absolute power and restraint of those, in whose hands they are.
From which I confess, it will follow, that none but discreet people should be about them. If the world commonly does otherwise, I cannot help that. I am saying what I think should be; which, if it were already in fashion, I should not need to trouble the world with a discourse on this subject. But yet I doubt not but, when it is considered, there will be others of opinion with me, that the sooner this way is begun with children, the easier it will be for them, and their governors too: Those therefore that intend ever to govern their children, should begin it whilst they are very little; and look that they perfectly comply with the will of their parents.
Would you have your son obedient to you when past a child? Be sure then to establish the authority of a father, as soon as he is capable of submission, and can understand in whose power he is. If you would have him stand in awe of you, imprint it in his infancy; and, as he approaches more to a man, admit him nearer to your familiarity; so shall you have him your obedient subject as is fit whilst he Edition: For methinks they mightily misplace the treatment due to their children, who are indulgent and familiar when they are little, but severe to them, and keep them at a distance, when they are grown up.
For liberty and indulgence can do no good to children: I imagine every one will judge it reasonable, that their children, when little, should look upon their parents as their lords, their absolute governors; and, as such, stand in awe of them: The way I have mentioned, if I mistake not, is the only one to obtain this.
We must look upon our children, when grown up, to be like ourselves; with the same passions, the same desires. We would be thought rational creatures, and have our freedom; we love not to be uneasy under constant rebukes and browbeatings; nor can we bear severe humours, and great distance in those we converse with. Whoever has such treatment, when he is a man, will look out other company, other friends, other conversation, with whom he can be at ease. If therefore a strict hand be kept over children from the beginning, they will in that age be tractable, and quietly submit to it, as never having known any other: Thus much for the settling your authority over children in general.
Fear and awe ought to give you the first power over their minds, and love and friendship in riper years to hold it: Indeed, fear of having a scanty portion, if they displease you, may make them slaves to your estate; but they will be nevertheless ill and wicked in private, and that restraint will not last always. Every man must some time or other be trusted to himself, and his own conduct; and he that is a good, a virtuous, and able man, must be made so within. And therefore what he is to receive from education, what is to sway and influence his life, must be something put into him betimes; habits woven into the very principles of his nature; and not a counterfeit carriage, and dissembled outside, put on by fear, only to avoid the present anger of a father, who perhaps may disinherit him.
This being laid down in general, as the course ought to be taken, it is fit we come now to consider the parts of the discipline to be used a little more particularly. I have spoken so much of carrying a strict hand over children, that perhaps I shall be suspected of not considering enough what is due to their tender age and constitutions.
But that opinion will vanish, when you have heard me a little farther. For I am very apt to think, that great severity of punishment Punishments. All that I have hitherto contended for, is, that whatsoever rigour is necessary, it is more to be used, the younger children are; and, having by a due application wrought its effect, it is to be relaxed, and changed into a milder sort of government.
A compliance and suppleness of their wills, being by a steady hand introduced by parents, before children have memories to retain the beginnings Edition: The only care is, that it be begun early, and inflexibly kept to, till awe Awe. When this reverence is once thus established, which it must be early, or else it will cost pains and blows to recover it, and the more, the longer it is deferred, it is by it, mixed still with as much indulgence, as they made not an ill use of, and not by beating, chiding, or other servile punishments, they are for the future to be governed, as they grow up to more understanding.
That this is so, will be easily allowed, when it is but considered what is to be aimed at, in an ingenuous education; and upon what it turns. He that has not a mastery over his inclinations, he that knows not how to resist the importunity of present pleasure or pain, for the sake of what reason tells him is fit to be done, wants the true principle of virtue and industry, and is in danger of never being good for any thing.
This temper, therefore, so contrary to unguided nature, is to be got betimes; and this habit, as the true foundation of future ability and happiness, is to be wrought into the mind, as early as may be, even from the first dawnings of any knowledge or apprehension in children; and so to be confirmed in them, by all the care and ways imaginable, by those who have the oversight of their education. On the other side, if the mind be curbed, and humbled too much in children; if their spirits be abased and broken much, by too strict an hand over them; they lose all their vigour and industry, and are in a worse state than the former.
For extravagant young fellows, that have liveliness and spirit, come sometimes to be set right, and so make able and great men: To avoid the danger that is on either hand is the great art: The usual lazy and short way by chastisement, and the rod, which is the only instrument of government that tutors generally know, or ever think of, is the most unfit of any to be used in education; because it tends to both those mischiefs; which as we have shown, are the Scylla and Charybdis, which, on the one hand or the other, ruin all that miscarry.
This kind of punishment contributes not at all to the mastery of our natural propensity to indulge corporal and present pleasure, and to avoid pain at any rate; but rather encourages it; and thereby strengthens that in us, which is the root, from whence spring all vicious actions, and the irregularities of life. From what other motive, but of sensual pleasure, and pain, does a child act, who drudges at his book against his inclination, or abstains from eating unwholesome fruit, that he takes pleasure in, only out of fear of whipping.
He in this only prefers the greater corporal pleasure, or avoids the greater corporal pain. And what is it to govern his actions, and direct his conduct, by such motives as these? And therefore I cannot think any correction useful to a child, where the shame of suffering for having done amiss does not work more upon him than the pain. How obvious is it to observe, that children come to hate things which were at first acceptable to them, when they find themselves whipped and chid, and teased about them; and it is not to be wondered at in them; when grown men would not be able to be reconciled to any thing by such ways.
Who is there Edition: This is natural to be so. Offensive circumstances ordinarily infect innocent things, which they are joined with; and the very sight of a cup, wherein any one uses to take nauseous physic, turns his stomach; so that nothing will relish well out of it, though the cup be ever so clean, and well shaped, and of the richest materials. Such a sort of slavish discipline makes a slavish temper. The child submits, and dissembles obedience, whilst the fear of the rod hangs over him; but when that is removed, and, by being out of sight, he can promise himself impunity, he gives the greater scope to his natural inclination; which by this way is not at all altered, but on the contrary heightened and increased in him; and after such restraint, breaks out usually with the more violence.
If severity carried to the highest pitch does prevail, and works a cure upon the present unruly distemper, it is often bringing in the room of it worse and more dangerous disease, by breaking the mind; and then, in the place of a disorderly young fellow, you have a low-spirited moped creature: Beating then, and all other sorts of slavish and corporal punishments, are not the discipline fit to be used in the education of those who would have wise, good, and ingenuous men: On the other side, to flatter children by rewards Rewards.
He that will give to his son apples, or sugar-plums, or what else of this Edition: You can never hope to teach him to master it, whilst you compound for the check you give his inclination in one place, by the satisfaction you propose to it in another. But when you draw him to do any thing that is fit, by the offer of money; or reward the pains of learning his book, by the pleasure of a luscious morsel; when you promise him a lace-cravat, or a fine new suit, upon performance of some of his little tasks; what do you, by proposing these as rewards, but allow them to be the good things he should aim at, and thereby encourage his longing for them, and accustom him to place his happiness in them?
For in this way, flattering those wrong inclinations, which they should restrain and suppress, they lay the foundations of those future vices, which cannot be avoided, but by curbing our desires, and accustoming them early to submit to reason. I say not this, that I would have children kept from the conveniencies or pleasures of life, that are not injurious to their health or virtue: But if you take away the rod on one hand, and these little encouragements, which they are taken with, on the other; how then will you say shall children be governed? Remove hope and fear, and there is an end of all discipline.
I grant, that good and evil, reward and punishment, are the only motives to a rational creature, these are the spur and reins, whereby all mankind are set on work and guided, and therefore they are to be made use of to children too. For I advise their parents and governors always to carry this in their minds, that children are to be treated as rational creatures.
Rewards, I grant, and punishments must be proposed to children, if we intend to work upon them. The mistake, I imagine, is, that those that are generally made use of, are ill chosen. The pains and pleasures of the body are, I think, of ill consequence, when made the rewards and punishments whereby men would prevail on their children: What principle of virtue do you lay in a child, if you will redeem his desires of one pleasure by the proposal of another? This is but to enlarge his appetite, and instruct it to wander. If a child cries for an unwholesome and dangerous fruit, you purchase his quiet by giving him a less hurtful sweet-meat.
This perhaps may preserve his health, but spoils his mind, and sets that farther out of order. For here you only change the object; but flatter still his appetite, and allow that must be satisfied, wherein, as I have showed, lies the root of the mischief: By this way of proceeding you foment and cherish in him that which is the spring from whence all the evil flows; which will be sure on the next occasion to break out again Edition: The rewards and punishments then whereby we should keep children in order, are quite of another kind; and of that force, that when we can get them once to work, the business, I think, is done, and the difficulty is over.
Esteem and disgrace are, of all others, the most powerful incentives to the mind, when once it is brought to relish them. If you can once get into children a love of credit, and an apprehension of shame and disgrace, you have put into them the true principle, which will constantly work, and incline them to the right. But it will be asked, How shall this be done? I confess, it does not, at first appearance, want some difficulty; but yet I think it worth our while to seek the ways and practise them when found to attain this, which I look on as the great secret of education.
First, children earlier perhaps than we think are very sensible of praise and commendation. They find a pleasure in being esteemed and valued, especially by their parents, and those whom they depend on. If therefore the father caress and commend them, when they do well; show a cold and neglectful countenance to them upon doing ill; and this accompanied by a like carriage of the mother, and all others that are about them; it will in a little time make them sensible of the difference: But secondly, to make the sense of esteem or disgrace sink the deeper, and be of the more weight, other agreeable or disagreeable things should constantly accompany these different states; not as particular rewards and punishments of this or that particular action, but as necessarily, belonging to, and constantly attending one, who by his carriage has brought himself into Edition: By which way of treating them, children may as much as possible be brought to conceive, that those that are commended and in esteem for doing well, will necessarily be beloved and cherished by every body, and have all other good things as a consequence of it; and, on the other side, when any one by miscarriage falls into dis-esteem, and cares not to preserve his credit, he will unavoidably fall under neglect and contempt: In this way the objects of their desires are made assisting to virtue; when a settled experience from the beginning teaches children, that the things they delight in, belong to, and are to be enjoyed by those only, who are in a state of reputation.
If by these means you can come once to shame them out of their faults, for besides that, I would willingly have no punishment, and make them in love with the pleasure of being well thought on, you may turn them as you please, and they will be in love with all the ways of virtue. The great difficulty here is, I imagine, from the folly and perverseness of servants, who are hardly to be hindered from crossing herein the design of the father and mother.
Children, discountenanced by their parents for any fault, find usually a refuge and relief in the caresses of those foolish flatterers, who thereby undo whatever the parents endeavour to establish. When the father or mother looks sour on the child, every body else should put on the same coldness to him, and nobody give him countenance, till forgiveness asked, and a reformation of his fault, has set him right again, and restored him to his former credit.
If this were constantly observed, I guess there would be little need of blows or chiding: This would teach them modesty and shame; and they would quickly come to have a natural abhorrence for that, which they found made Edition: But how this inconvenience from servants is to be remedied, I must leave to parents care and consideration. Only I think it of great importance; and that they are very happy, who can get discreet people about their children. Frequent beating or chiding is therefore carefully to be avoided; because this sort of correction never produces any good, farther than it serves to raise shame Shame.
And if the greatest part of the trouble be not the sense that they have done amiss, and the apprehension that they have drawn on themselves the just displeasure of their best friends, the pain of whipping will work but an imperfect cure. It only patches up for the present, and skins it over, but reaches not to the bottom of the sore.
Ingenuous shame, and the apprehension of displeasure, are the only true restraints; these alone ought to hold the reins, and keep the child in order. But corporal punishments must necessarily lose that effect, and wear out the sense of shame, where they frequently return. Shame in children has the same place that modesty has in women; which cannot be kept, and often transgressed against. And as to the apprehension of displeasure in the parents, they will come to be very insignificant, if the marks of that displeasure quickly cease, and a few blows fully expiate.
Parents should well consider what faults in their children are weighty enough to deserve the declaration of their anger: If this be not so ordered, punishment will by familiarity become a mere thing of course, and lose all its influence; offending, being chastised, and then forgiven, will be thought as natural and necessary as noon, night, and morning, following one another. I shall only remark this one thing more of it: This consideration may direct parents, how to manage themselves in reproving and commending their children.
The rebukes and chiding, which their faults will sometimes make hardly to be avoided, should not only be in sober, grave, and unpassionate words, but also alone and in private: This doubles the reward, by spreading their praise; but the backwardness parents show in divulging their faults, will make them set a greater value on their credit themselves, and teach them to be the more careful to preserve the good opinion of others, whilst they think they have it: But if a right course be taken with children, there will not be so much need of the application of the common rewards and punishments, as we imagined, and as the general practice has established.
For all their innocent folly, playing, and childish Childishness. If these faults of their age, rather than of the children themselves, were, as they should be, left Edition: If the noise and bustle of their play prove at any time inconvenient, or unsuitable to the place or company they are in, which can only be where their parents are, a look or a word from the father or mother, if they have established the authority they should, will be enough either to remove, or quiet them for that time.
But this gamesome humour, which is wisely adapted by nature to their age and temper, should rather be encouraged, to keep up their spirits, and improve their strength and health, than curbed or restrained: If it be some action you would have done, or done otherwise; whenever they forget or do it awkwardly, make them do it over and over again, till they are perfect: First, to see whether it be an action they can do, or is fit to be expected of them.
For sometimes children are bid to do things, which, upon trial, they are found not able to do; and had need be taught and exercised in, before they are required to do them. But it is much easier for a tutor to command, than to teach. Secondly, another thing got by it will be this, that by repeating the same action, till it be grown habitual in them, the performance will not depend on memory, or reflection, the concomitant of prudence and age, and not of childhood; but will be natural in them. Thus, bowing to a gentleman when he salutes him, and looking in his face when he Edition: Having this way cured in your child any fault, it is cured for ever: I have seen parents so heap rules on their children, that it was impossible for the poor little ones to remember a tenth part of them, much less to observe them.
However, they were either by words or blows corrected for the breach of those multiplied and often very impertinent precepts. Whence it naturally followed, that the children minded not what was said to them; when it was evident to them, that no attention they were capable of, was sufficient to preserve them from transgression, and the rebukes which followed it. Let therefore your rules to your son be as few as is possible, and rather fewer than more than seem absolutely necessary. For if you burden him with many rules, one of these two things must necessarily follow, that either he must be very often punished, which will be of ill consequence, by making punishment too frequent and familiar; or else you must let the transgressions of some of your rules go unpunished, whereby they will of course grow contemptible, and your authority become cheap to him.
Make but few laws, but see they be well observed, when once made. Few years require but few laws; and as his age increases, when one rule is by practice well established, you may add another. But pray remember, children are not to be taught by rules, which will be always slipping out of their memories. What you think necessary for them to do, settle in them by an indispensable practice, as often as the occasion returns; and, if it be possible, make occasions.
This will beget habits Habits. But here let me give two cautions: The one is, that you keep them to the practice of what you would have grow into a habit in them, by Edition: When constant custom has made any one thing easy and natural to them, and they practise it without reflection, you may then go on to another.
This method of teaching children by a repeated practice, Practice. I shall name one more that comes now in my way. We must not hope wholly to change their original tempers, nor make the gay pensive and grave, nor the melancholy sportive, without spoiling them. He therefore that is about children, should well study their natures and aptitudes, and see, by often trials, what turn they easily take, and what becomes them; observe what their native stock is, how it may be improved, and what it is fit for: For in many cases, all that we can do, or should aim at, is, to make the best of what nature has given, to prevent the vices and faults to which such a constitution is most inclined, and give it all the advantages it Edition: Management and instruction, and some sense of the necessity of breeding, are requisite to make any one capable of affectation, which endeavours to correct natural defects, and has always the laudable aim of pleasing, though it always misses it; and the more it labours to put on gracefulness, the farther it is from it.
For this reason it is the more carefully to be watched, because it is the proper fault of education; a perverted education indeed, but such as young people often fall into, either by their own mistake, or the ill conduct of those about them. He that will examine wherein that gracefulness lies, which always pleases, will find it arises from that natural coherence, which appears between the thing done, and such a temper of mind, as cannot but be approved of as suitable to the occasion.
We cannot but be pleased with an humane, friendly, civil temper, whereever we meet with it. A mind free, and master of itself and all its actions, not low and narrow, not haughty and insolent, not blemished with any great defect; is what every one is taken with.
The actions, which naturally flow from such a well-formed mind, please us also, as the genuine marks of it; and being, as it were, natural emanations from the spirit and disposition within, cannot but be easy and unconstrained. On the other side, affectation is an awkward and forced imitation of what should be genuine and easy, wanting the beauty that accompanies what is natural; because there is always a disagreement between the outward action, and the mind within, one of these two ways: Either when a man would outwardly put on a disposition of mind, which then he really has not, but endeavours by a forced carriage to make show of; yet so, that the constraint he is under, discovers itself: The other is, when they do not endeavour to make show of dispositions of mind, which they have not, but to express those they have by a carriage not suited to them: Imitation of others, without discerning what is graceful in them, or what is peculiar to their characters, often makes a great part of this.
But affectation of all kinds, whencesoever it proceeds, is always offensive: Plain and rough nature, left to itself, is much better than an artificial ungracefulness, and such studied ways of being ill-fashioned. The want of an accomplishment, or some defect in our behaviour, coming short of the utmost gracefulness, often escapes observation and censure.
But affectation in any part of our carriage, is lighting up a candle to our defects; and never fails to make us be taken notice of, either as wanting sense, or wanting sincerity. This governors ought the more diligently to look after; because as I above observed, it Edition: And since nothing appears to me to give children so much becoming confidence and behaviour, and so to raise them to the conversation of those above their age, as dancing; Dancing.
I think they should be taught to dance, as soon as they are capable of learning it. For, though this consist only in outward gracefulness of motion, yet, I know not how, it gives children manly thoughts and carriage, more than any thing. But otherwise I would not have little children much tormented about punctilios, or niceties of breeding.
Never trouble yourself about those faults in them, which you know age will cure. And therefore want of well-fashioned civility in the carriage, whilst civility is not wanting in the mind, for there you must take care to plant it early, should be the parents least care, whilst they are young. If his tender mind be filled with a veneration for his parents and teachers, which consists in love and esteem, and a fear to offend them; and Edition: Whilst they are very young, any carelessness is to be borne with in children, that carries not with it the marks of pride or ill-nature: What I have said concerning manners, I would not have so understood, as if I meant that those, who have the judgment to do it, should not gently fashion the motions and carriage of children, when they are very young.
It would be of great advantage, if they had people about them, from their being first able to go, that had the skill, and would take the right way to do it. That which I complain of is the wrong course that is usually taken in this matter. Though in this those concerned pretend to correct the child, yet, in truth, for the most part, it is but to cover their own shame: For, as for the children themselves, they are never one jot bettered by such occasional lectures: They should be let alone, rather than chid for a fault, which is none of theirs, nor is in their power to mend for speaking to.
And it were much better their natural, childish negligence, or plainness, should be left to the care of riper years, than that they should frequently have rebukes misplaced upon them, which neither do, nor can give them graceful motions. If their minds are well disposed, and principled with inward civility, a great part of the roughness, which sticks to the outside for want of better teaching, time and observation will rub off, as they grow up, if they are bred in good company; but if in ill, all the rules in the world, all the correction imaginable, will not be able to polish them.
For you must take this for a certain truth, that let them have what instructions you will, and ever so learned lectures of breeding daily inculculated into them, that which will most influence their carriage, will be the company they converse with, and the fashion of those about them.
Children nay, and men too do most by example. We are all a sort of chameleons, that still take a tincture from things near us: I mentioned above, one great mischief that came by servants to children, when by their flatteries they take off the edge and force of the parents rebukes, and so lessen their authority.
And here is another great inconvenience, which children receive from the ill examples which they meet with, amongst the meaner servants. They are wholly, if possible, to be kept from such conversation: It is a hard matter wholly to prevent this mischief. You will have very good luck if you never have a clownish or vicious servant, and if from them your children never get any infection. To this purpose, their being in their presence should be made easy to them: If it be a prison to them, it is no wonder they should not like it.
They must not be hindered from being children, or from playing or doing as children; but from doing ill. All other liberty is to be allowed them.
John Locke
Next, to make them in love with the company of their parents, they should receive all their good things there, and from their hands. The servants should be hindered from making court to them, by giving them strong drink, wine, fruit, playthings, and other such matters, which may make them in love with their conversation. Having named company, I am almost ready to throw away my pen, and trouble you no farther on this subject. For since that does more than all precepts, rules, and instructions, methinks it is almost wholly in vain to make a long discourse of other things, and to talk of that almost to no purpose.
If I keep him always at home, he will be in danger to be my young master; and if I send him abroad, how is it possible to keep him from the contagion of rudeness and vice, which is every-where so in fashion? I confess, both sides have their inconveniencies.
John Locke (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Summer Edition)
Being abroad, it is true, will make him bolder, and better able to bustle and shift amongst boys of his own age; and the emulation of school-fellows often puts life and industry into young lads. For, as for that boldness and spirit, which lads get amongst their play-fellows at school, it has ordinarily such a mixture of rudeness, and an ill-turned confidence, that those misbecoming and disingenuous ways of shifting in the world must be unlearned, and all the tincture washed out again, to make way for better principles, and such manners as make a truly worthy man.
Nor does any one find, or so much as suspect, that the retirement and bashfulness, which their daughters are brought up in, makes them less knowing or less able women. Conversation, when they come into the world, soon gives them a becoming Edition: Virtue is harder to be got, than a knowledge of the world; and, if lost in a young man, is seldom recovered. Sheepishness and ignorance of the world, the faults imputed to a private education, are neither the necessary consequences of being bred at home; nor, if they were, are they incurable evils.
Vice is the more stubborn, as well as the more dangerous evil of the two; and therefore, in the first place, to be fenced against. Conversation would cure it in a great measure; or, if that will not do it early enough, it is only a stronger reason for a good tutor at home. For, if pains be to be taken to give him a manly air and assurance betimes, it is chiefly as a fence to his virtue, when he goes into the world, under his own conduct. It is preposterous, therefore, to sacrifice his innocency to the attaining of confidence, and some little skill of bustling for himself among others, by his conversation with ill-bred and vicious boys; when the chief use of that sturdiness, and standing upon his own legs, is only for the preservation of his virtue.
For if confidence or cunning come once to mix with vice, and support his miscarriages, he is only the surer lost; and you must undo again, and strip him of that he has got Edition: Boys will unavoidably be taught assurance by conversation with men, when they are brought into it; and that is time enough. Modesty and submission, till then, better fits them for instruction: That which requires most time, pains, and assiduity, is to work into them the principles and practice of virtue and good breeding.
This is the seasoning they should be prepared with, so as not easily to be got out again: For conversation, when they come into the world, will add to their knowledge and assurance, but be too apt to take from their virtue; which therefore they ought to be plentifully stored with, and have that tincture sunk deep into them.
How they should be fitted for conversation, and entered into the world, when they are ripe for it, we shall consider in another place. And what qualities are ordinarily to be got from such a troop of play-fellows, as schools usually assemble together, from parents of all kinds, that a father should so much covet it, is hard to divine.
I am sure, he who is able to be at the charge of a tutor, at home, may there give his son a more genteel carriage, more manly thoughts, and a sense of what is worthy and becoming, with a greater proficiency in learning into the bargain, and ripen him up sooner into a man; than any at school can do. Not that I blame the school-master in this, or think it to be laid to his charge. The difference is great between two or three pupils in the same house, and three or fourscore boys lodged up and down.
But fathers, observing that fortune is often most successfully courted by bold and bustling men, are glad to see their sons pert and forward betimes; take it for an happy omen, that they will be thriving men, and look on the tricks they play their school-fellows, or learn from them, as a proficiency in the art of living, and making their way through the world. And it is not the waggeries or cheats practised among school-boys, it is not their roughness one to another, nor the well-laid plots of robbing an orchard together, that makes an able man; but the principles of justice, generosity, and sobriety, joined with observation and industry, qualities which I judge school-boys do not learn much of one another.
And if a young gentleman, bred at home, be not taught more of them, than he could learn at school, his father has made a very ill choice of a tutor.