Structurally Sound - Renovating The Middle-Aged Body

Pdf Drive Library - Structurally Sound Renovating The Middle Aged Body - Looking for ePub, PDF, Kindle,. AudioBook for Structurally Sound.
Table of contents

Health and Beauty , Wellness and Fitness. No more offers for this product! General Inquiries There are no inquiries yet. Your email address will not be published. Added to wishlist Removed from wishlist 0. Montana healthcare initiative aimed to be killed by World's biggest tobacco companies. Marching for affordable healthcare this labor day. The types of noise that can drive you batty can basically be categorized under four headings;.

Neighbourly noise — from general living activities, TV, music, showering, toilet flushing, extra loud talking or music, crying babies or children, pets or late night parties. Whatever the noise is do everything in your power to sort it out amicably as you have to live next to them afterwards. A quiet and polite request in writing or verbally can often result in a genuine effort to fix the problem, but if you start off accusingly and aggressively then expect an aggressive response. Flooring — Noise generated from hard floors is one of the greatest sources of complaint within residential apartments, with many people installing timber and tiles as cheaply as possible, creating headaches for others.

Building noises — A whole range of noises can be generated by a strata building including water pipes, midnight intercom buzzing, fire alarm drills, strange, unexplainable things that go bump in the night. Find out where the buildings services rooms and machinery are located, central air conditioning plant the rubbish bin removals and recycling, the gym, the pool, the lift and lift plant room.

External disturbances — Generated from outside the strata complex include, local celebrations, fireworks, the pub down the road, traffic, air conditioning or machinery from the building next door. Look out the window and one of your windows look over next buildings air-conditioning plant or rubbish pick up area. There are two basic mechanisms where by sound can transfer. Noise can pass from one room to another either through the surrounding air airborne noise or the building structure itself structure-borne noise. Airborne noise or sound that is transmitted via the air e.

The surface radiates the vibration as audible noise in the same way that a loudspeaker cone converts movement of the cone to audible sound. Sound generated in one room reaches the wall or floor, vibrates that surface and then is reradiated by the surface on the other side of the wall or floor to the adjacent room. Airborne noise is the more common and occurs, for example, when a TV turned up too loud disturbs people sleeping in bedrooms. It can pass from one room to another along a variety of paths such as open doors and windows, openings in walls separating the rooms, stairwells, or heating and air-conditioning ducts.

Airborne noise can be generated and pass through flimsy structures such as thin walls or even floors or ceilings into other rooms and close apartments. Structure-borne noise occurs when the building structure itself is made to vibrate; for example, a washing machine in contact with a wooden floor, a saucepan falling to the kitchen floor, and the impact of footsteps on hard floors. Of the five senses, hearing is one of the most important. The hearing of audible sounds cannot be easily shut down or avoided unlike the other senses.

Audible sounds also have a significant effect on how we feel. The human ear is an organ of complex design and function. The hearing mechanism in the ear is sensitive enough to detect even small pressure waves. A healthy, young person can hear sounds with frequencies from roughly 20 to 20, Hz. The sound of human speech is mainly in the range to 3, Hz. Movements of the ear drum as small as the diameter of a hydrogen atom can be audible! Sound is produced by vibrating objects causes slight changes in air pressure. These air pressure changes travel as sound waves through the air and produce sound.

The vibrations reach the listener's ears through air, liquids or solids as waves or vibrations of cyclical pressure fluctuations, similar to a stone dropped in a pool of water. Sound is what we hear. Noise is unwanted sound. Noise is an important form of pollution caused by unwanted sound. The difference between sound and noise depends upon the listener and the circumstances. Rock music can be pleasurable sound to one person and an annoying noise to another. In either case, it can be hazardous to a person's hearing if the sound is loud and if he or she is exposed long and often enough.

Noise in Strata Buildings

Noise can be continuous, variable, intermittent or impulsive depending on how it changes over time. At low levels noise can be a nuisance, but exposure to sustained high levels, for example in a noisy workplace, can cause hearing loss. Impulsive noise, such as the sound of a pneumatic tool, or tonal noise, such as the whine of a machine, can be particularly irritating. But what some people consider as noise, others can tolerate, or may even like, and so the study of noise has to recognize these different subjective responses.

There are a large number of complex interrelated factors that determine the transfer and perceived loudness of a sound. There are many technical terms and measurements that are relevant in determining the type and intrusiveness of a sound. A very brief list of terms and definitions is provided below. The amount amplitude the pressure fluctuates determines the loudness decibels of the sound. The frequency of the pressure fluctuations determines the pitch hertz. Sound pressure is the amount of air pressure fluctuation a noise source creates. We "hear" or perceive sound pressure as loudness.

Stretching Anatomy

Even very loud sounds produce pressure fluctuations which are extremely small 1 in 10, compared to ambient air pressure i. The measurement of sound determines how loud something is, whether it is too noisy, or even whether it is safe to be near. A sound level meter is the principal instrument for general noise measurement. The indication on a sound level meter aside from weighting considerations indicates the sound pressure, p, as a level referenced to 0. Sound pressure also depends on the environment in which the source is located and the listener's distance from the source. The way sound decays with distance from the source is dependent on the size and shape of the source and also the surrounding environment and prevailing air currents.

It is relatively simple to calculate provided the source is small and outdoors, but indoor calculations in a reverberant field are rather more complex. The ear has the remarkable ability to handle an enormous range of sound levels. In order to express levels of sound meaningfully in numbers that are more manageable, a logarithmic scale is used, rather than a linear one. This scale is the decibel scale. Zero decibels 0 dB is the quietest sound audible to a healthy human ear. From there, every increase of 3 dB represents a doubling of sound intensity, or acoustic power.

The decibel scale is a logarithmic scale used to make quantities with a wide range of values more manageable.

Barabara MacFadden Interview

Converting pressure to decibels creates a more manageable measuring and comparison yardstick. Converting the very wide range of values into a logarithmic scale changes the range of values to the more manageable range of 0 dB to dB where 0 dB is roughly the lowest level a normal person can hear. As you can see from the diagram decibels is a log function of pressure. Which means small increases in decibels map to larger and larger increases in pressure.

Customer reviews

The human ear is designed to hear very soft sounds with very little pressure to be able to cope with very high pressure noise. The spread of pressure in micropascals ranges from 20 Mpa to million Mpa. Loudness is the human impression of the strength of a sound.

The loudness of a noise does not necessarily correlate with its sound level. Decibels dB are a measurement of sound intensity over the standard threshold of hearing. However, you will often see noise levels given in dBA A-weighted sound levels instead of dB.

The filter adjusts the measurement to account for the way in which the ear responds to different frequencies of sound. Measurements in dBA, or dB A as it is sometimes written, are decibel scale readings that have been adjusted to attempt to take into account the varying sensitivity of the human ear to different frequencies of sound. The sensitivity of the human ear to sound depends on the frequency or pitch of the sound.

People hear some frequencies better than others. The main effect of the adjustment is that low and very high frequencies are given less weight than on the standard decibel scale. Many regulatory noise limits are specified in terms of dBA, based on the belief that dBA is better correlated with the relative risk of noise-induced hearing loss.

Another system of adjustment is C-weighting, the dBC scale. Unweighted dB readings are also used for this purpose; there is usually not much difference between the two. Sound pressure levels in decibels dB or A-weighted decibels [dB A ] cannot be added or subtracted in the usual arithmetical way. If there are two sound sources in a room - for example a lively discussion producing an average sound level of The relative loudness that we perceive is a subjective psychological phenomenon, not something that can be objectively measured.

Most of us perceive one sound to be twice as loud as another one when they are about 10 dB apart; for instance, a dB air conditioner will sound twice as loud as a dB refrigerator. Yet that dB difference represents a tenfold increase in intensity. A dB dishwasher will sound about four times as loud as the dB refrigerator, but in terms of acoustic intensity, the sound it makes is times as powerful.

The potential for a sound to damage our hearing is proportional to its intensity, not its loudness level. That's why it's misleading to rely on our subjective perception of loudness as an indication of the risk to our hearing. Rw is the weighted sound reduction index in dB decibels and it describes the airborne sound insulating power of a building element. It is a laboratory-measured value as defined in ISO Part 1. The higher the number, the greater the sound insulating power of the building element. It is measured over the frequency range to Hz.

An increase in the Rw of a wall by 6 points will reduce the perceived loudness of sound passing through the wall by about half. DnTw is the equivalent of Rw, but measured onsite. Rw is the value measured in an acoustic laboratory, while DnTw is measured on-site.

Kindle Feature Spotlight

Impact sound is generated by sources such as dryers, washing machines and heeled shoes on a wooden or tiled floor. Unlike Rw values, better performing walls or floors have lower values. Walls that have an Impact Sound Insulation requirement are defined in the BCA as walls that do not have any rigid mechanical connection between two separate leaves except at the perimeter. Discontinuous Construction is defined in the BCA as walls that have a gap of at least 20mm between two separate leaves.

Higher STC values are more efficient for reducing sound transmission. For example, loud speech can be understood fairly well through an STC 30 wall but should not be audible through an STC 60 wall. Flanking paths are the means for sound to transfer from one space to another other than through the wall. Sound can flank over, under, or around a wall. Sound can also travel through common ductwork, plumbing or corridors. The sound absorption coefficients of products are measured according to ISO An NRC of 0. Typical building materials such as plasterboard have an NRC of approximately 0.

What is the difference between insulation and absorption? There is often confusion between sound insulation and sound absorption.

Employe | International Study

Sound insulation is required in order to eliminate the sound path from a source to a receiver such as between apartments in a building, or to reduce unwanted external noise inside a concert hall. Heavy materials like concrete tend to be the best materials for sound insulation - doubling the mass per unit area of a wall will improve its insulation by about 6dB. It is possible to achieve good insulation with much less mass by instead using a double leaf partition two separated independent walls.

Sound absorption occurs when some or all of the incident sound energy is either converted into heat or passes through the absorber. For this reason good sound absorbers do not of themselves make good sound insulators. Although insulation and absorption are different concepts, there are many instances where the use of sound absorbers will improve insulation. However absorption should not be the primary means of achieving good sound insulation. Impact Insulation Class or IIC is an integer-number rating of how well a building floor attenuates impact sounds, such as footsteps.


  1. Noise in Strata Buildings.
  2. .
  3. Die Bruderschaft der Black Dagger: Ein Führer durch die Welt von J.R. Wards BLACK DAGGER (German Edi?
  4. Vengeance;
  5. ?
  6. Claudias Big Break!
  7. Eclipse of The Sun (Children of the Last Days);

A larger number means more attenuation. The scale, like the decibel scale for sound, is logarithmic. The IIC number is derived from sound attenuation values tested at sixteen standard frequencies from to Hz. Unfortunately, "real world" footstep noise is also generated at frequencies below Hz, so the IIC value may not accurately describe the complete noise attenuation profile of a floor.

IIC In a multi-level home or business, when a floor covering in one of the upper rooms is impacted, by dropping an object or moving furniture for example, the impact creates a vibration that travels through the floor, subfloor, and through the ceiling to the room below. These vibrations result in unwanted and annoying sounds in those rooms. This is called impact sound transmission. Floor coverings with a high IIC rating help to reduce impact sound transmissions to lower levels, thus reducing or eliminating those bothersome noises. When something oscillates about a static position it can be said to vibrate.

The vibration of a speaker diaphragm produces sound, but usually vibration is undesirable. Common examples of unwanted vibration are the movement of a building near a railway line when a train passes, or the vibration of the floor caused by a washing machine or spin dryer. Floor vibration can be reduced with vibration isolators. Vibration is monitored with an accelerometer. This is a device that is securely attached by some means to the surface under investigation. The accelerometer produces a tiny electrical charge output, proportional to the surface acceleration, which is then amplified by a charge amplifier and recorded or observed with a meter.

The frequencies of interest are generally lower than sound, and range from below 1 Hz to about 1 kHz. In an enclosed space, when a sound source stops emitting energy, it takes some time for the sound to become inaudible. This prolongation of the sound in the room caused by continued multiple reflections is called reverberation.

Reflections can be attributed to the shape of the space as well as the material on the surfaces. Domes and concave surfaces cause reflections to be focused rather than dispersed which can cause annoying sound reflections. Absorptive surface treatments can help to eliminate both reverberation and reflection problems. For example, The Owners Corporation of Australia has had a number of these present at to our members. An accredited acoustical engineer can be assessed and the right acoustic treatment can be recommended:. A sound level meter is the instrument normally used to measure noise levels on the decibel scale.

Several factors affect the noise level reading:. For a reported sound level value to be most useful, it is necessary to specify the conditions under which the reading was taken, especially the distance from the source. Acoustic measurements in relation to noise are usually only measured vertically, and not horizontally. Each building is different and therefore any acoustic treatment of floors in any building needs to be considered in relation to the structure, age and existing acoustic properties of the building. A standard tapping machine with five—steel faced hammers strikes a test floor material, generating sounds between Hz — Hz.

The impact creates vibrations that travel through the flooring and produce sounds on the other side. Depending on the amount of impact sound that is lost during the transmission, the results from each tap are plotted on a graph. Depending where those points fall on the graph, they are compared to a reference and the IIC rating is determined. The sound levels are corrected to account for the acoustical properties of the receiving room. The IIC rating can be tested in one of two different environments: The latter can include not only the floor covering carpet, hardwood, tile, etc.

For example, fiberglass insulation and resilient channels can be used to increase an IIC rating. The most appropriate and accurate way to measure the IIC of a home or building is to do so after installation. This way, all materials are taken into account for and given a total IIC value. Also, any air vents or other obstacles that sound can travel through are also accounted for with this method.

There is no easy way to accurately determine the projected IIC rating or a floor covering until it is installed and tested in the field. A large reason for this is the different types of subfloors — concrete or wood joist, which can have a large effect on the IIC rating of the floor covering. In addition, other sound deadening materials an underlayment for example can add to the IIC rating.

To give you a better idea of the difference these factors make, the tables below show estimates of the excepted IIC ratings that you may achieve with the type of floor system shown. Attempts to rectify health issues have created an epidemic of biomechanical injuries.

Yet our fitness, health and wellness industry continues to saturate the market with gadgets and programs designed specifically for the healthy, uninjured minority. Structurally Sound - Renovating the Middle-Aged Body is a book for the masses, for those who have not witnessed beneficial results while exercising, for those who have injured themselves or for those who live lives of restrictions and setbacks created by the fitness industry's minority train of thought.

Read more Read less. To get the free app, enter mobile phone number.


  • General Inquiries?
  • Jonathan Paul | NewsRadio WINA.
  • Product details!
  • The Badass Body Diet: The Breakthrough Diet And Workout For A Tight Booty, Sexy Abs, And Lean Legs;
  • ERROR: The request could not be satisfied.
  • It Was Hard Work Being a Cow?

    • See all free Kindle reading apps. I'd like to read this book on Kindle Don't have a Kindle? Be the first to review this item Would you like to tell us about a lower price?