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The proposed American Ethnographical Survey presents such a plan. The work is to be conducted after the manner of a census, and to be divided into two separate problems, both of which could be solved at the same time. The first phase of the work contemplated is a Race Census, representing the ethnical distribution and cultural characteristics of the population as it now exists; and upon the basis of the data thus collected the construction of an Ethnographical Map, showing not only the numbers of the several foreign elements, which can be gained roughly from the United States Census, but also the specific cultural features of these race elements, such as language, occupation, industrial distribution, as they actually exist The second phase of the simrey consists in collecting, in connection with the census above mentioned, all available data for the reconstruction of the race conditions in the earlier periods of our history.
One most important result of this work would be the construction of an Ethnographical Census of the colonial period, together with race maps showing the distribution of the foreign elements in different epochs of the colonial period, Digitized by Google An American Ethnographical Survey 37 thus furnishing the now missing census up to the time of the first systematic census made by the government. The Conbstoga Expedition, In the summer of a preliminary test of this survey was made by the inauguration of the Conestoga Expedition.
The work of the expedition was limited for the most part to those parts of interior Pennsylvania first settled by the Germans. The plan of work was to select a small territory, which could be com- passed within the brief space of the vacation, and to make a thorough house-to-house canvass. Specific question blanks were prepared in advance, asking for the name of the owner or tenant, of tiie wife? As a result of this thorough-going inspection a great mass of interesting and valuable material was collected and is now presented in brief form.
From the data thus obtained, it is possible to make many generalizations. Digitized by Google 38 An American Bthnographical Survey In the settlement of a new country geography, both political and physical, plays an important role, determining to a great degree the distribution of the population. Political geography, in turn, often imdergoes great changes in consequence of its own original determinative influence upon early settlement. The United States, as rdated in the colonial period to the geography of Spain, England and France, will furnish a good example of this. The Civil War, partly racial and social, and partly industrial and economical, will furnish another instance in which the at- tempt to change geographical boundaries proved futile.
Indeed, the race factor, apart from the part of the negro, in the Civil War, still awaits adequate treatment. The influence of the Germans in forming the flame of abolition sentiment and in actually aiding in the victories of the North were most signifi- cant. The great force of the German press of America in the hands of men, who had themselves sought political liberty in the new Republic, was directed against the institution of slavery. The selection of a place of settlement is determined to a great extent by ph3rsical geography.
The quality of the soil, the location of waterways, valleys and motoi- tains — all influence. Accordingly the Conestoga Expedition found ample material, showing how these geographical forces had aflfected the distribution of race elements. In the fertile arable lands of the valleys were found the thirfty German farmers. In the mine regions, where iron and other ores made mining profitable in the colonial period, were found the Welsh.
In the regions where distilling was in vogue was the Irishman. In the centres of industry and trade and on the frontiers of en- terprise were found the Englishman, the Yankee and the Scotch Irishman. The landmarks of these early settlements are still preserved in the local geography, in the names of persons and places. It is a striking fact that the country regions, notwithstanding the flux and flow of population inci- dent upon modem progress, have retained conservatively the names of the ealier families.
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The proportion of family names represented in the districts examined, was as follows: Proportion of German names in 79 Proportion of English, etc. Of local names still found on the map and indicating original race settlements, the following are sig- nificant: Names of foreign places whence the settlers came. Names pointing to Biblical traditions of the sects. Nebo, Bethesda; of also Eden, Providence, Paradise. Since that time the statistics gathered have been collated and may be presented more in detail. It is the more opportune that these statistics should now take the form of an oflicial report, since the work of the survey has found a wider recognition in Digitized by Google 40 An American Ethnographical Survey the State, in the appointment of its Director and Albert Cook Myers to prepare the Pennsylvania History Exhibit at the James- town Elxposition of What the original Conestoga Expedi- tion inaugurated will thus, in an extended form, find expression in a series of historical maps, showing the movements and racial elements of the population of Pennsylvania and Western Mary- land and the great valley of Virginia.
To the results as repre- sented in these maps, the independent studies of Mr. Myers in constructing maps showing frontier lines of settlement have been an important contribution. The work of the Conestoga Expedition centered in the Conestoga and Pequea Valleys of Lancaster County, more par- ticularly in the Township of Strasburg, of which a careful, cultural census was made, with a view to showing the actual survivals of the life of the original settlers, the statistics for which will be given farther on.
In addition to these statistics, investigations were carried on in various directions throughout the country by the several members of the expedition. Much of this work is still going on, and will be published in more extended form when completed. Another member of the expedition, John A. Bole, made a thorough investigation at his own expense of the history of the German Community Settlement at Ecomemy, Pa.
Methodist Clergyman Sexton Florists k. River Brethren f Families. Do not vote Strict Liberal f Families. It will be found that the total of answers given to the several qtiestions is by no means equal to the number of families or individuals questioned. This is explained by the fact that in many cases the individuals did not know what to answer, or, because of the newness of the questions, were re- luctant to answer them.
The figures here given represent the answers which were recorded. While it was thus not possible to get absolute completeness under some rubrics, the figures obtained will prove valuable as indicating at least the proportions of the population represented in a certain rubric; as, for ex- ample, in the case of those who wear the plain dress, in which case it may be assumed that the remainder of the population wear the ordinary "worldly" dress.
As this was an entirely private census, unauthorized by any official authority, it is surprising that so few families declined outright to answer the questions. An account was also taken during the census of the number of living children in each family. These statistics show that the great majority of families had from two 2 to eight 8 children.
In the borough there were only 27 families with but one child each, and 27 having two children each; 26 having 3 children each; 19, of 4 each; 14, of 5 each; II, of 6 each; 3, of 7 each; 6, of 8 each; 4, of 9 each; 2, of 10 each; i, of These figures give no immediate alarm of race suicide among the German decendants of this region. It will be noted that after summing up all the families whose origin has been determined, there remains a small percentage something like a tenth unaccounted for.
This means that these families could not be traced directly to German, Swiss, Scotch, Irish, English, or Welsh origin from the data at hand. It is a striking fact that relatively few had personal knowledge, or even tradition of their origin. Compare, for example in the borough , the male heads of families, and female, whose origin the census-taker determined to be German, with the 28 families and 38 individuals who knew that they were of German origfin. This disparity shows a number of interesting facts, i How completely the early German settlers severed their tradition from the Fatherland.
The desire on the part of the masses to live an obscure, uneventful life, and the tendency to conceal their German origin in the case of those who came into touch with Digitized by Google An American Ethnographical Survey 45 puUic affairs, doubtless added to this indifference concerning their origin. The statistics show a surprising variety of trades and occupations, even in this isolated country district, and give a good impression of the complex character of even simple country life.
It will be seen that about one-sixth of the residents of the borough is made up of farmers, not all of whom are retired farmers. We have here, doubtless, an instructive survival of the South German village life, for a number of these farmers in the borough still carry on their farms in the town- ship, after the fashion of the South German peasant ; except that in the case of Strasburg, the farms are vastly larger. As might be expected, many trades are confined to the borough. Never- theless, the township is well supplied with such artisans as car- penters, shoemakers and blacksmiths.
There was an immis- takable trace here of the German tradition of passing on the trade from one generation to the next, in the same family. The large number of children, however, made it necessary to take up other occupations. One of the most notable of these "hereditary" occupations is to be foimd in the case of a family which has for generations been noted for the best doctors in the country. It is a most interesting fact that the Borough of Strasburg shows a close contest in point of numbers between the Old and New Mennonites on the one hand, and the Methodists and Presbyterians on the other.
The Presbyterian influence is only such as can be easily explained by the presence of the Scotch Irish in the locality. The Methodists, however, have made actual conquest, taking over a number of members from original Mennonite families, it being a natural step from the tenets of the Mennonites to the beliefs of the Methodists, when once the plain dress and conservative Mennonite ways have been given up.
The Mennonites were originally the dominant element in this locality, but their combined influence has been weakened by the organization of the New Mennonite Church. It will be Digitized by Google 46 An American Ethnographical Survey noted, however, that the Old Mennonites are still strong in the borough, even in this township, which represents a variety of other religious elements.
Dress, One of the most interesting things in the appearance of the country people of Lancaster County is their plain dress, which exhibits three different types; the Mennonite type, the still more primitive Amish type, and the Dunker type. In point of dress the borough is much less conservative than the township, having 37 adherents of plain dress as compared with 96 in the township. Is is to be noted, however, that many families, par- ticularly the female members, wear the plain dress, without being actual members of a plain sect. Indeed, a family misfortune is likely to force them from worldly habiliments into the churchly plain garb.
It should not be concluded, however, that "plain" is synonomous with imattractive, for in the case of the young Mennonite maiden the Mennonite dress is highly becoming, and most attractive, allowing of a wide variety of color, and ma- terial, the "plainness" being confined to the pattern of the gar- ments. Even among the "hook and eye" Amish, the young folks indulge in gay colors, thus relieving the monotonous ex- ternals of their patriarched life. The full extent of the persistence of super- stition will appear in a separate treatise soon to be published by a member of the expedition.
We only note here two or three of the most general forms of superstition. A considerable number of people still believe in the signs of the moon, and observe them in planting, sowing, butchering, and the like. As the statistics show, however, the percentage is relatively small, although on this point the answers are less trustworthy. Powwowing, The most interesting survival of old super- stitious folk customs is doubtless that of powwowing, called in Pennsylvania, German 'brauche.
As will be seen from the statistics, eight powwowers were found in the Borough of Strasburg alone, and four in the township, making a round dozen, one powwower to fifty families. Two kinds of pow- wowing were noted. One consisting of rubbing the parts affected, and repeating the spell without further formalities; the other of using potions made of herbs, etc.
These facts are sufficient to justify the general protest made by practicing physicians against the persistent practice of folk medicine, especially in the second form mentioned above. Politics, The old prejudice against voting is fast disappear- ing. As the statistics show, a relatively small proportion refuse to vote. Among these are the ministers of the Mennonites and other plain sects. We have here a good example of the influence of economic interests overriding religious scruples.
An inter- esting form of this is to be foimd in school politics, where some of the plain sects prove themselves quite equal to the tactics of the professional politicians. This is illustrated by the case of a school entirely in the hands of the sect. By skilful manipulation the school board was made up of members of the sect, the teacher was the son of one of the members, and the pupils seemed to be without exception from the same sect, as teacher and pupils alike all wore the plain garb.
The attitude of these people on social questions shows that there is a strong liberalizing process going on. The questions particularly inquired about for the statistics were dancing, cards, theaters, circuses, and the like. The census takers had not the courage to go very minutely into the question of drink. It was not necessary, however, to ask questions on this subject, as the thrift of the inns furnished ample evidence of liberality.
As might be expected, the borough was relatively more liberal than the township in regard to social questions, al- though a considerable number, even of the cotmtry people, patronize the circus and even the theater, and multitudes attend Digitized by Google 48 An American Ethnographical Survey the county fair, which is often more demoralizing than either circus or theater. The most interesting feature, perhaps, in the life qi these people is their language. A special effort was made in the census to collect accurate statistics on this subject.
Inas- much as the people are sometimes unwilling to admit that they speak the Pennsylvania German dialect, an effort was made by the census takers to find out indirectly to what extent the dialect was used. This could be done either by speaking the dialect to the people, or by inquiring as to the use of certain dialect words.
The language data were taken under two heads: A comparison of the numerical results on the use of dialect in general will show that Pennsyl- vania German has almost ceased to be a regular family speech in the borough, but is still used by a considerable number of indi- viduals, and, occasionally, by a still larger number of families; while in the township four times as many families and nearly three times as many individuals, use it as their daily speech, with a large contingent in both borough and township, who do not speak German, understand it when spoken.
As the statistics show, the majority of the families in the borough, easily a fourth in the township, speak English only. How astonishingly slight the effect of later German immigration has been in this region can be seen from the fact that only one family in the borough, and four in the township were found still speaking high German which they had brought with them from the Fatherland; and even in the speech of the families living in the township there were strong traces of the Pennsylvania German dialect An interesting case of the influence of language was ob- served in an old native-bom Pennsylvania German of Strasburg, who spdce the German Dialect perfectly, and English with perfect Irish accent.
When asked where he acquired this Irish speech, he said he had learned it from Irishmen, who worked in his father's distillery, when he was a boy. Considerable attention was given to vari- ation in the German dialect of the German region, particularly of Lancaster County. A list of some dialectal test words was collected, and from these a small list of some 15 character- istic words with their equivalents used as the basis of statistics in Strasburg town and township. It was found practically im- possible to distinguish in favor of either of the dialectal equiv- alents in this particular locality, because, in the flux and flow of the population, both sets of words had become familiar, having been foimd in 66 cases in the borough and 96 in the township in indiscriminate use.
An examination, however, over the counties of Lancaster, Lebanon and Berks, made it possible to determine varieties in the so-called Pennsylvania German dialect These results will appear in print later in the form of a dialect dictionary, which is now in preparation. Surviving German Dishes, One of the indelible marks which the old German life has left in Pennsylvania, and even other parts of the country, is the survival of a ntunber of distinctiy German forms of food.
Borough and township alike, in our census, show the persistence of these German dishes in the fare of the present day. In the borough, four articles competed for the supremacy: It will be noted further that "lad- werck" apple butter has only about one-third of the vogue in the borough that it has in the country, which is explained by the lack of facilities in town for the preparation of it In addition to these great German staples of Pennsylvania food, a nimiber of minor cheeses were noted as having vogue, such as "haffekase," represented by 6 in the borough and 50 in the township; "kop- kas," 9 in the borough and 35 in the township; and "deitsche- kas," 5 in the township.
In the case of the favorite old German dish of "Schmitz un' nepp," it was foimd that the dish survived only in the township, where 23 cases were recorded, although, no doubt; occasionally even the denizens of the borough indulge in this venerable German dainty! Herr A 4 W. Smith A 8 Str. A 14 Warrant 5, Oct, Montgomery John Black Herman Skiles. Joseph Feree He lenry Kendrick. Foutz Conrad Hook. Handbuch des Deutschtums im Auslande nebst einem Adressbuch der deutschen Auslandschulen. The work is intended for parliamentarians, newspaper men and merchants, as well as others interested in German, in foreign lands, and, as the title implies, undertakes the enormous task of informing concerning these Germans.
Although it contains pages of closely printed matter, the work still exhibits a lack of proportion. In the case of the United States, where we are best prepared to judge, the accompanying bibliography omits many of the best and most important sources. The demand for such a work is attested by the surprisingly rapid disposal of the 2, copies of the first edition , which supply was exhausted four months after its publication. The preface of the second edition is written by Professor A. The chapter pertaining to the Germans in the United States is written by Dr.
The work is divided into two main parts. In Part I the account of the Germans in the United States covers 12 pages, while that of the Germans in Brazil covers 45 pages, notwithstand- ing the fact that the German population of the entire South Ameri- can continent, according to the book itself, is just one-twentieth of that of the United States alone. In the chapter on the Germans in the United States the follow- ing topics are briefly treated: The History of German Immi- gration. The Number of Germans.
German Newspapers and Periodicals. The author of this chapter falls into the mistake, made by some American historians, of calling Francis Daniel Pastorius, the founder of Germantown, a preacher. Pastorius was not a parson but a Doctor of Laws of tfie University of Altdorf. It is manifest that a compilation of facts such as this book pur- ports to give is valuable. This particular chapter might be extended with advantage to the book, as the Germans in America are an im- portant element in tiie history of German colonization. With a more exhaustive use of the reliable and adequate sources at hand, a monumental contribution to the history of Germans in foreign lands must result.
The services of Professor Brandl, who was so heartily welcomed in America in , will greatly aid tfie enterprise. Das Deutschtum in Kanada. The title is somewhat broader than the article would justify since it confines itself largely to statistical statements and to a few historical facts relative to the date of earliest settlement. But what the author pves is most welcome to those interested in things Ger- man on the American continent.
First of all it is pointed out that, while in the United States the Germanic races occupy the most prominent place, in Canada the Celtic Romanic races predominate. The accurate record which the Canadian government keeps of the nationalities within its limits, Digitized by Google 50 RevUws makes comparison easy.
Thus Oppel, quoting the Canadian census of , points out that, while there were , persons of Celtic- Romanic blood, there were only 1,, of German extraction in the Dominion. The Germans are scattered over the entire inhabited portion of Canada. The greatest number of them, however, is cen- tralized in the Province of Ontario, namely , Then follow Nova Scotia with 41,, Manitoba with 27,, Alberta with 7,, and the other provinces and territories with smaller representations.
In the newer settiements in the western part of the Dominion the Germans represent a considerable percentage of the entire popula- tion. In West Assiniboia, for example, 17 per cent, of the popula- tion is German. Quite obviously the Germans have sought the regions of predominantly English rather than those of predom- inantly French population. From the statistical discussion Oppel turns to the historical.
It appears that almost precisely a hundred years after the founding of Germantown, Pa. Curiously enough, these first settiers came from the States and largely from Pennsylvania. Here a large number of that religious body known as Mennonites had settled. While their religious tenets forbade them from participating in war or military enterprises of any kind, they were loyal subjects of the crown of England. When the peace of established the United States as a separate nation, many of them, true to their oath of loyalty, departed for Canada.
A large number of German Mennonites subsequently went to Canada from Russia, to escape military duties which the Russian government was about to force upon them. They sought chiefly the central and western parts of Canada. It will be interesting to note how large a per- centage of the German population this religious sect constitutes. They are scattered over a vast stretch of land. The Mennonites separate themselves from other people. The Germans live, for the most part, in the small towns and country districts.
This is a book written in a feuiUetonistic style upon meager in- formation. Its title would be more appropriately "Bilder aus New York.
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Of this vast country, its millions of inhabitants and its multiplex phases of life and activities, he feels competent to write, with considerable conviction, after a brief visit to four of our cities. New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Wash- ington. Just what the purpose of the book should be is not an easy matter to divine, unless by means of caricature of our social condi- tions it should serve to deter his fellow cotmtrjmien from coming to America.
It is full of misrepresentations, incongruities and gross statistical and historical errors. That a change of the environment of a people and the heterogeneity of our population are unconducive to spon- taneous development of the highest stage of culture, the author fails to observe. Every aspect of life he views through the partisan eye- glass of a self-satisfied European.
He is unable to observe in any- thing, whatsoever, the quickening heart throb of a new and unique culture. What his own nation and other European nations, by con- stant intermingling, by mutual borrowing and reworking have ac- complished in centuries of labor, he expects to find, in even a magnified degree, in this new country which has scarcely emerged from the keenest struggle with primitive conditions.
He denies us every claim to scholarship, going so far even as deny- ing us the right of owning our beloved Mark Twain, assigning him a place among the English or Low Germans. The average German American he views with particular abhorrence. Autumn Num- ber, , of Poet Lore. In this article Mrs.
The author possesses admirable qualifications for this kind of work. For years she has closely followed the German literary activities on both sides of the Atlantic. In a magazine ar- ticle of only a few pages, however, it is manifestly impossible to enter, exhaustively, into a field so difficult and so many-sided.
It goes without saying that the excessive brevity has permitted, so to speak, only a bird's-eye view of the entire field. That here and there apparent superficiality appears is therefore not surprising. Many writers had, necessarily, to be passed with a mere mention. However, some are omitted, who, beyond any doubt, should have a place among German American literary men. Just to mention one: Rattermann, who for yfears has been a tireless writer and who just now is publishing a monumental edition of his own works. Some of his poems are of such exquisite beauty that they will vie succeissfully with many European literary works of art.
He cer- tainly has won for himself a place among German American men of letters. However, every thoughtful reader must welcome every serious attempt to interest our countrymen in the gifts which the various elements of our cosmopolitan population have contributed towards rounding out the inner life of our nation.
Number 5 of the new monthly Die Glocke, published at Qii- cago, is devoted almost exclusively to the memory of the late Carl Schurz. It is a beautiful and fitting tribute to the great German American. It touches upon every phase of his eventful life and his manifold activities. The contributors to this memorial number were marshalled from the most active workers — German and Anglo- Americans — in the study of the Germans in America. The Glocke has thus shown itself an important organ of communication between the Germans of America and their kinsmen in the old Fatherland.
Spring Number of Poet Lore, igo6. He has contributed an important piece of work towards the serious, modem method of studying Longfellow and the literary forces influ- encing his thought. Pattee proceeds cautiously and clinches his statements well. The parallel situations which he cites in the life of Longfellow and that of the founder of the German Romantic School of Literature, Novalis, are striking. He shows how the American poet's own temperament, his Puritanic tendencies, the overwrought condition of his mind after the death of his wife and of his friend, his European surroundings and the literature which he read, slowly but surely turned him to Romanticism and made such poems as Hyperion and the collection Voices of the Night pos- sible.
The Psalm of Life was an attempt to break away from the moodiness and aimlessness into which Romanticism had led him. It was stimulated by Goethe's Wilhelm Meister, Professor Pattee says that in this poem the spirit of Goethe's great novel made itself felt for the first time in America. Some of the marks of the Romantic poets are their revelries in things' pertaining to the Middle Ages, their adoration for the Cath- olic Church, their worship of Dante. All these Longfellow shared, with the Romanticists.
And he does it to such an extent that the great mass of his poetry is really American only in theme, a statement which might be strongly contested. The article is well written. It contains no far-fetched or forced comparisons and its logic and straightforwardness appeal to the students as something of real worth in the modem comparative Americana.
Vt n Karl Lamprecht. Hermann Heyfelder, Freiburg im Breisgau. A small book written with intended fairness by an eminent German scholar. It is much too small to contain the mass of mate- rial which the author has acquired during his American travels. He expressly disclaims all attempts at completeness and simply pves Digitized by Google 6o Reviews to his readers some few of his many observations.
That he was demonstrably impelled by a desire to inquire scientifically into Amer- ican institutions and conditions no one will doubt. The first 56 pages of the book are devoted to an interesting diary which contains, so to speak, the snapshot impressions of a very extended tour through this country. Part two contains more deliberate reflections based on actual observations, namely, concern- ing American piety, the influence of physical conditions on the people, the quantitative judgment of the Americans, an interview with Carl Schurz, the martial spirit of the Americans, American liberty, politics and Teutonism, and finally the American univer- sities.
The author is convinced that, despite the great variety of dem- onstrations, the Teutonic element of the United States is, after all, deeply religious. He believes that in the farm lies the hope and strength of our nation. He criticises, and doubtless justly, our quantitative judgment. He attributes this trait to the newness of the country and finds parallels for it in every colonial civilization. He finds the American people to be of martial inclination.
This martial sense he attri- butes not so much to an overwrought national pride as to the con- sciousness of physical ability, a feeling acquired in the daily con- quest of primitive conditions. Q nceming our much-boasted liberty he concludes that it is largely "the liberty of the captains of in- dustry.
Although the author has seen a great many American universities, he. He has seen many interesting things, some of which he even recommends to European universities. In the last part of his book, by far the most serious, Professor Lamprecht gives a resume of his American impressions. He treats Digitized by Google Reviews 6i briefly our history.
He notes the want of true and typical Ameri- can culture, but he recognizes, in innumerable signs, the dawn of such culture. Next he deals with American literature and joins other critics in ascribing to Edgar Allan Poe the distinction of being the most typical American writer. He observes the well- IcQown fact that we have no drama and attributes it, in part, to Puritanic influence. He is undecided whether to call the short story typically American or whether we owe indebtedness to Maupassant and KtpUng.
The display of American art at the Louisiana Pur- chase Exposition has convinced the author that the standard of American art is ascending. It is to be regretted that Professor Lamprecht has seen fit to confine himself to such brevity of description. We should welcome the historian's opinion in greater detail. Doubtlessly this book will find many eager readers in America, since it contains many interesting observations by a well-wishing foreigner, and its criticisms are fair and valuable. At the outset Dr. Fulda emphasizes the fact that he does not purpose to write a book on America.
His superior judgment convinces him of the folly of such an attempt after an acquaintance of only a few months' sojourn. Therefore he proposes to give only the rather general im- pressions which he gained on his American tour. He does this impartially and. It must be re- membered — and Fulda says so, in substance, himself — that he saw America, as it were, in full dress.
As the guest of the Germanistic Society of America, to which body, by the way, his book is dedi- cated, he was so hospitably entertained and so constantly occupied, that a quiet study of existing conditions was wholly out of the question. It is doubtful whether this fact is to be regretted, as so few Europeans see America just as Fulda saw it It cannot have anything but a wholesome effect to emphasize this side for once.
Of Digitized by Google 62 Reviews our cities he has seen a good deal. He recognizes the utility of American skyscrapers and even succeeds in seeing some beauty in these colossal structures. He compliments the parks, the illumina- tion of the cities, the gigantic undertakings to facilitate traffic, and the fact that so many Americans live in houses which they own. He criticises the paving of our. He recognizes and does justice to the manifest attempt to beautify our towns and cities. He compares the cities to young giants who have outgrown their immaturity.
Their old garments have become too small and somehow they do not know how to de- port themselves in the new ones. Speaking of American travel, he lavishly compliments the com- fort and luxury which state-room passengers enjoy. The accom- modations accorded to those less wealthy he finds, on the whole, inferior and less practical than those of Germany. This leads him to the conclusion: He recognizes the fact that the bone and sinew of the "Deutsch- timi" in this ooimtry are the German farmers and the families of the intellectual aristocrats whom the Revolution of brought into our midst.
The author duly respects the titanic struggle which goes on daily, yes hourly, to keep things German, particularly the language, alive in this English-speaking land, but he duly points out the ultimate futility of this struggle, and shows the baneful eflFect of attempting the control of two languages with equal dexter- ity. I should like to interpolate this thought here, germane to this subject, that in my opinion this very duality of language is one of the causes why German Americans do not use the pen with more facility than they do, in either language.
The mixture of dialects and languages among the Pennsylva- nians, some specimens of which he saw also in print, did not im- prest Fulda very favorably. The playwright compliments in warmest terms the great Ger- man newspapers of New York, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Chicago and Milwaukee; the many excellent German clubs, and especially the Digitized by Google Reviews 63 distinctly Grerman theatres. One experiences just a little surprise when one fails to see Philadelphia on the list of cities boasting of a German theatre.
Doubtlessly this is due to the fact that at the time the dramatist made his visit to Philadelphia, the surpassingly excellent German theatre of this city was not yet completed. As a loyal son of the Fatherland Fulda was, of course, inter- ested to know in how far the German Americans were pleased with their new surroundings.
Concerning American education and methods of instruction Fulda waxes quite enthusiastic. It was not the skyscraper, the territorial extent of the country, not the gigantic proportions of the life; it was rather the education and the system of instruction. Speak- ing of American students he says: In co-education he sees none of those dangers which the opponents of the system argue, but rather a perfectiy natural condition, entirely wholesome to both sexes.
She knows herself to be intellectually the equal of man. To this asso- ciation of the two sexes in the schools Fulda attributes, in a large degree, the comparative moral purity of the American youth. Under the heading, "Culture of the Masses and Art," he com- pliments the systems of University Extension and the Chautauqua, which bring culture to those who cannot attend college.
Of our libraries he speaks in warmest terms, and contrasts the ease of find- Digitized by Google 64 Reviews ing books and the liberality in the free use of them, with the anti- quated library methods prevalent in his own country. The excessive haste with which American newspapers gather and disseminate news seems to him to be of questionable value as a means of educating the masses, and the persistent and omnipresent reporter and interviewer are abominations in his eyes.
He recognizes our want of true art and finds its cause in the newness of our country and the unsettled condition of our people. He asserts that no colony ever produced great works of art. We still fail to utilize the material which nature and our own history so abundantly offer. Willing hands have lavishly supplied museums and galleries with money, but tiie true artist is not produced by money.
As playwright he especially notes the absence of a truly American drama. He is justly astonished at the ways in which laws are evaded in America. As general characteristics he credits us with singular patience a conclusion which more intimate acquaintance might not substan- tiate , optimism, hospitality, honesty in little things, rascality in the large ones, and a decided tendency towards chauvinism.
All in all, he has obtained a very fair view of America, of our strong points and our weaknesses. He is convinced of the enor- mous potential wealth and the still latent energy in this country. In conclusion he says: The hope, however, that it will be opportunely applied seems to be more Utopian now than ever. The United States of Europe. Otto Bindewald, Univeraty of Giessen. Karl Borinski, University of Munich. Ai-oys Brandl, University of Berlin.
Otto Bkbmbr, University of Halle. Crbizenach, University of Krakau. Ernst Elster, University of Marburg. Ludwig Geiger, University of Berlin. Holthausen, University of Kiel. Jellinek, University of Vienna. Jiriczbk, University of Breslau. Max Koch, University of Breslau. Lambel, University of Prague. John Meier, University of Basel. Meyer, University of Berlin.
Minor, University of Vienna. Mogk, University of Leipzig. Muncker, University of Munich, Prof. Bernhard Sbuffert, University of Graz. Alexander Tille, University of Glasgow. Varnhagen, University of Erlangen. Oskar Walzel, University of Bern. Witkowski, University of Leipzig. List may be extended. Oskar Martin, Idaho; H. Carl Barck, Sl Louis, Mo. City; Albert Currlin, Oakland, Cal. C Bloedel, Allegheny, Pa. Incorporated Honorary President, J. Rosengarten, Philadelphia, Pa, President, Dr. Albert Bernheim, Philadelphia, Pa. Learned, Box 10, College Hall. University of Pennsyl- vania, Philadelphia, Pa.
Adolph Timm, W. Lehigh Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa, Treasurer: Hans Weniger, Philadelphia, Pa. Carl Beck, 37 E. Heckmann, Cor, Secretary, Dr.
Full text of "German American annals"
March and April, The Bi-Monthly, German American Annals, is a continuation of the ' quarterly, Americana Germanica, and will make accessible to a wider public current matter bearing upon the Relations of Germany and America. Each number will contain a series of original contributions, reviews, book notices and lists of new publications, relating to the history of the Germans in America and also to American studies m Ute geLeral field of Germanics.
The original title Americana Germanica will be retained for the series of larger monographs which do not fall within the limits of a peri- odical, and for reprints. These monographs will be published at such times as they are presented, aud will be sold separately, the price varying according to the character of the monograph.
In the Monthly regular attention will be given to reviews and book notices. Contributions, hooks for review and exchanges are solicited, especially such as come witum the scope of the Monthly, and should be sent to the editor, M D, Learned, Box lo. As full sets are nearly exhausted. I-IV will not be sold separately. Hatfield, Columbia University, Northwestern University. P'aust, Hermann Schoenfeld, Cornell University. Hknry Wood, Johns Hopkins University. The town of Carlisle, the county seat of Cumberland County, is situated eighteen miles southwest of Harrisburg, in the midst of the fertile and beautiful Cumberland Valley.
Cumberland County was formed from a part of Lancaster County, in In , the town of Carlisle was surveyed and on July 23, of the same year, by order of the Governor of Pennsylvania the first court of Common Pleas was held there. With this date the history of Carlisle as a town may be said to commence. The inhabitants of the town, exclusive of the two thousand negroes, are largely descended from the Scotch-Irish and from the Germans. The former were the first settlers. The latter be- gan to settle in the valley about , though the great influx did not begin till ten years later.
By the year , however, the Germans had become so numerous that two religious denomina- tions had been organized in the town. In the early history of Carlisle, the services in the Lutheran church were conducted in German, which was however, gradually 67 Digitized by Google 68 Dialectal Peculiarities in the Carlisle Vernacular.
In , those Lutherans who desired to have the service exclusively in German established a separate church. This flourished for a time but as the younger generations came on they desired and demanded that the services be conducted in English. This led to a compromise, one service on Sunday in German and one in English. In , the charter of this church was changed so that all of the services might be conducted in English. Soon afterwards the little German church was abandoned, a new chapel was built to which is now being added one of the handsomest church buildings in the country.
The change in the charter of this church in marks the final Americanization of the German element of Carlisle. The change had, of course, been gradual but it had been thorough. This took place only eleven years ago but so thoroughly have the Germans been amalgamated that a stranger coming to the town to-day finds scarcely any traces of their existence. No Ger- man is spoken on the streets, and even in the market house one scarcely ever hears any Pennsylvania Dutch. If, perchance, you should ask a Carlisler if he knows Pennsylvania Dutch, he will reply with dignity that he is Scotch-Irish and properly impressed with your own impertinence you will pass on your way.
In the year I became a resident of Carlisle and having had some linguistic training I was soon struck by certain peculiar- ities in the vernacular, which impressed me as being dialectal. I began to make note of expressions which differed from my own speech and have continued to do so ever since.
Original Format
It is with the re- sult of these observations, covering a period of seven years, that this paper has to deal. Before proceeding to a discussion of the particular expres- sions involved a few words in reference to the method pursued iti collecting them may be in order. In no case have I hunted after strange words or forms of speech but in every case have noted only such expressions as oc- Digitized by Google Dialectal Peculiarities in the Carlisle Vernacular.
Had I really searched for rare birds, I could have increased the list largely but it would not have been representative of all the peo- ple. All of the expressions noted I have heard used again and again by merchants, by college students, and by the best people of the town. It is not necessary to say that there are many peo- ple who speak an English, which is practically dialect free. The popmlation of the town being such as I have described it, we should naturally expect the language to reflect in some de- gree the racial peculiarities of the people. The major portion of this study will be devoted to vocabu- lary, for reasons which will appear later.
For convenience the various words and expressions are ar- ranged alphabetically: These shoes look new against yours. This use of the word evidently arose from the German "gegen" in this sense, which was translated into English. This is colloquial English. The butter is all. The examples might be increased ad libitum. We have here, of course, a simple translation and adoption of the German expression. Already commonly contracted to already: In actual mean- ing this word does not differ from the regular English usage.
It is used in Carlisle, however, much more frequently than in communities where there is no German influence, and to one familiar with this language it is evident that it is influ- enced by Ger. Have you studied algebra? I had it already in my Freshman year. Do you know the old Stone Tavern? I have seen it already. How many pair of shoes can you sole in a day? I have half-soled three pair already in my time. We have here a bit of word-making taking place in the dialect. To denote permission instead of may, e.
Dare I go out. The word is restricted, I believe, to the kernels of nuts, as a deaf walnut. In these words, which are north Eng. I let the book in the room. This usage is frequent, but not common. Although it is obso- lete English, there seems no doubt that Ger. I waited fifteen minutes on the car. Although there is an obsolete Eng. Diet, wait, 4, d , which is similar in meaning to this usage, I am nevertheless inclined to believe that we have here a translation of Ger.
This is plainly a translation of Ger. This word is of common occurrence, and since it is for- eign to English usage, we must likewise attribute it to the German. I must red up the room. He should have said that i. The Century Dictionary under the adverb "still" 2 gives the meaning constantly, continually, habitually, al- ways, ever, as in common use. The following examples are cited: Thou still hast been the father of good news.
Hamlet, 11, 2, What a set face the gentlewoman has, as she were still going to a sacrifice! Pehdes thus replied , Still at my heart, and ever at my side. Despite the definition and examples, I think the following specimens of the Carlisle dialect will strike the ordinary American as strange and unfamiliar, though they are evi- dently survivals of this usage. Can you take away my ashes?
If you save them I will get them still a negro. A barber, in speaking of a certain hair tonic, which he considered the best, said: That's what I tell them stilL That is, I always tell people that when they ask about hair tonics. A market woman, when asked whether certain apples were pippins, replied: We still call them little yellow apples. A carpenter, in speaking about bidding good-bye to his parrot, said: A storekeeper, in telling how many students brought kerosene cans to his store to be filled, remarked: What a string of kerosene cans we would have to fill still. This student, who is of German extraction, says he did not use this word till he became a resident of Carlisle.
You could hear him swearing still whenever you went near his house. He stui writes me about the good fishing out there. A girl was calling to another, who replied: Don't yell so much, I heard you stUl. If we examine these expressions we find the meaning of still to be that given by the Century Dictionary, but it would be difficult to persuade one that they are specimens of normal English. They are evidently survivals of this old use of "still" due, doubtless, to Scotch-Irish influence.
I must get my shoes till Sunday. I will make it up till next lesson. In this use of till, which is extremely common, we have simply a translation of the German "bis" in similar expres- sions. I have been unable to account for this usage satisfac- torily. At first sight, one naturally thinks of the German "das ist heute kalt," but this use of das is not found in Penn- sylvania German, which is probably the German of Carlisle. I should be glad to learn whether it is used in other Scotch- Irish communities.
If, on the other hand, as is doubtless the case, the German of Carlisle was Pennsylvania German, then we must explain this usage as English, but what sort of English? When we pet a dog we say "That's a nice dog," or when something goes wrong we say "That's a nice kettle of fish" or "That's a fine state of affairs. If it is of English origin, it seems that we must explain it in this way.
Toot — a paper bag. This comes evidently through Pa. Your shoes look new towards mine. Since this usage is altogether alien to English, I take it that we have here another translation of Ger. Watch up — to observe carefully, keep an eye upon, e. I am unable to acount for this use of "up," unless it comes from such expressions as "hold up," mean- ing wait, and "wait up," where up seems merely to intensify the meaning of the verb.
In addition to what has preceded, too. One warm day I was comfortably ensconced on a couch enjoying a post- prandial cigar; a friend sitting near me inquired: A doctor, in describing his rifle, said to me: In describing this to a carpenter, he said: In meaning it is closely akin with its use here, but I believe that everyone unfamiliar with the dia- lect under discussion will admit that these expressions are unusual.
In view of what has already been said, the mere suggestion of "noch" will, I believe, suggest the proper ex- planation of this use of yet to one familiar with the German language. In certain cases "yet" seems to be used merely as an in- tensive. On another occasion I said to a coachman "you are making money these days," He replied "Yes, but I have to work tard, I have been up till two o'clock three nights this week yet! There may be others, but in conversation they pass without at- tracting attention.
As far as I have observed, this use of the present occurs only in clauses introduced by since, though it doubtless occurs likewise in independent clauses. This is, of course, the well-known German use of the present tense instead of the Eng- lish perfect. The second syntactic peculiarity is the use of the verb "want" as auxiliary without a dependent infinitive, e. We have here, due to Scotch-Irish, a survival of what was once common in English. The reason for its survival with "want" seems to lie in the transitive meaning of this verb.
When a child says "I want out," he is not thinking of the verb go, so much as he is of the place or state designated by out, i. I want to he out, rather than to go out. The phrase to be out really ex- presses a state or condition which is the object of the verb want. The third syntactic peculiarity is the quite common use of the old ethical dative, e. My dog died for me, A father, bringing his young son to college, said: Let us now turn to a consideration of accent and first to the pronunciation of the word balcony, which is the only word whose accent has struck me as peculiar.
It is very frequently, though not universally, accented on the second syllable, which is, of course, the older English pronunciation. Its retention is doubt- less due to Scotch-Irish influence. The most striking peculiarity of the Carlisle dialect, the one which instantly attracts the attention of a person unfamiliar with it, is the sentence stress in interrogative sentences.
I am pre- pared here only to mention this for two reasons: In passing, I may simply say that there is a difference between real questions, asking for information and between ques- tions expressing surprise. For example, in the question "Are you going down town? In a question of surprise, as. The man died last night. I hope at some future time to secure phonographic repro- ductions of this accent, when I shall be able to examine it more carefully, and I may then be able to offer some explanation of it.
If now we examine the material presented, and if we admit as we must, that the various expressions depart sufficiently from normal English to warrant our calling them dialectal, it will be an easy matter to characterize these variations and to attribute them to their proper causes. The Carlisle vernacular reflects very cFearly the dual character of the population. Kunkel Bros - Chopin, Fr. Notated Music Love's greeting schottische, duet Sheet Music. Kunkel Bros - Siebert, William Date: Notated Music Suite de landlers Sheet Music.
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