What you're about to read is the first book ever written on modern hypnosis, back in by British medical doctor, James Braid. It was Braid who discovered the.
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This book was a good history of early hypnosis and the thinking that was in vogue at that time in history. One person found this helpful. Amazon Giveaway allows you to run promotional giveaways in order to create buzz, reward your audience, and attract new followers and customers.
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Not Enabled Word Wise: Not Enabled Screen Reader: He then, moved into a confusing admixture of philippic against Braid and Lafontaine , and polemic against animal magnetism , wherein he concluded that all mesmeric phenomena were due to "satanic agency".
James Braid (surgeon) - Wikipedia
In particular, he attacked Braid as a man, a scientist, a philosopher, and a medical professional. He claimed that Braid and Lafontaine were one and the same kind. He also threatened Braid's professional and social position by associating him with Satan; and, in the most ill-informed way, condemned Braid's important therapeutic work as having no clinical efficacy whatsoever.
The sermon was reported on at some length in the Liverpool Standard , two days later. Some believe in a positive emission from the sun of a subtile material, or imponderable influence, as the cause of light; whilst others deny this emission theory, and contend that light is produced by simple vibration excitedby the sun, without any positive emission from that luminary.
I may, therefore, be said to have adopted the vibratory theory, whilst the mesmerists and electro-biologists contend for the emission theory.
But my experiments have proved that the ordinary phenomena of mesmer- ism may be realised through the subjective or personal mental and physical acts of the patient alone ; whereas the proximity, acts, or in- fluence of a second party, would be indispensably requisite for their production, if the theory of the mesmerists were true. Moreover, my experiments have proved that audible, visible, or tangible suggestions of another person, whom the subject believes to possess such power over him, is requisite for the production of the waking phenomena; whereas no audible, visible, or tangible suggestion from a second party ought to be required to produce these phenomena, if the theory of the electro-biologists were true.
There is, therefore, both positive and negative proof in favour of my mental and suggestive theory, and in opposition to the magnetic, occult, or electric theories of the mesmerists and electro-biologists. My theory, moreover, has this additional recommendation, that it is level to our comprehension, and adequate to account for all which is demonstrably true, without offering any violence to reason and common sense, or being at variance with generally admitted physiological and psychological principles.
Under these circum- stances, therefore, I trust that you will consider me entitled to your. Soon after, he also wrote a report entitled "Practical Essay on the Curative Agency of Neuro-Hypnotism", which he applied to have read before the British Association for the Advancement of Science in June Despite being initially accepted for presentation, the paper was controversially rejected at the last moment; but Braid arranged for a series of Conversaziones [1] at which he presented its contents. Braid summarised and contrasted his own view with the other views prevailing at that time:.
In a letter written to the editor of The Lancet in , Braid emphatically states that:. In his first publication, he had also stressed the importance of the subject concentrating both vision and thought, referring to "the continued fixation of the mental and visual eye" [33] The concept of the mind's eye first appeared in English in Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale in his Canterbury Tales , where he speaks of a man "who was blind, and could only see with the eyes of his mind, with which all men see after they go blind".
In he published Neurypnology; or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep Considered in Relation with Animal Magnetism… , his first and only book-length exposition of his views. According to Bramwell , p. Braid thought of hypnotism as producing a "nervous sleep" which differed from ordinary sleep. The most efficient way to produce it was through visual fixation on a small bright object held eighteen inches above and in front of the eyes. Braid regarded the physiological condition underlying hypnotism to be the over-exercising of the eye muscles through the straining of attention.
He completely rejected Franz Mesmer 's idea that a magnetic fluid caused hypnotic phenomena, because anyone could produce them in "himself by attending strictly to the simple rules" that he had laid down. The derogative suggestion that Braidism be adopted as a synonym for "hypnotism" was rejected by Braid; and it was rarely used at the time of the suggestion, and is never used today. He drew out a list of the more important sources of error which, he said, ought always to be kept in mind by the operator. These … should be placed in a prominent position in every hypnotic laboratory: So, he argued, it was clear that their claims were entirely without foundation.
However, he also stressed to his audience that, whilst it was, indeed, entirely true that these effects could not be produced with hypnotism — and whilst the claims of the mesmerists and animal magnetists were, ipso facto , entirely false — one must not make the mistake of concluding that this was unequivocal evidence of deception, dishonesty, or outright fraud on the part of those making these erroneous claims.
In , Braid investigated the phenomenon of " table-turning " and clearly confirmed Michael Faraday 's conclusion that the phenomenon was entirely due to the ideo-motor influences of the participants, [42] rather than to the agency of "mesmeric forces" — as was being widely asserted by, for example, John Elliotson and his followers. On 12 March , convinced as both a scientist and physiologist of the genuineness of Braid's hypnotism , [44] Braid's friend and colleague William Benjamin Carpenter presented a significant paper, "On the influence of Suggestion in Modifying and directing Muscular Movement, independently of Volition", to the Royal Institution of Great Britain it was published later that year.
Thus the ideo-motor principle of action finds its appropriate place in the physiological scale, which would, indeed, be incomplete without it. And, when it is once recognized, it may be applied to the explanation of numerous phenomena which have been a source of perplexity to many who have been convinced of their genuineness, and who could not see any mode of reconciling them with the known laws of nervous action. The phenomena in question are those which have been recently set down to the action of an " Od-force ", such, for example, as the movements of the " divining-rod ", and the vibration of bodies suspended from the finger ; both which have been clearly proved to depend on the state of expectant attention on the part of the performer, his Will being temporarily withdrawn from control over his muscles by the state of abstraction to which his mind is given up, and the anticipation of a given result being the stimulus which directly and involuntarily prompts the muscular movements that produce it.
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Braid immediately adopted Carpenter's ideo-motor terminology; and, in order to stress the importance within Braid's own representation of the single, "dominant" idea concept, Braid spoke of a " mono-ideo-motor principle of action". However, by , based on suggestions that had been made to Carpenter by Daniel Noble , their friend in common — that Carpenter's innovation would be more accurately understood, and more accurately applied viz. Carpenter introduced the term ideo-motor to characterise the reflex or automatic muscular motions which arise merely from ideas associated with motion existing in the mind, without any conscious effort of volition.
In , in referring to this term, Dr.
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I have, therefore, adopted the term monoideo-dynamics , as still more comprehensive and characteristic as regards the true mental relations which subsist during all dynamic changes which take place, in every other function of the body, as well as in the muscles of voluntary motion. Still, I repudiate the notion of holding up hypnotism as a panacaea or universal remedy. As formerly remarked, I use hypnotism ALONE only in a certain class of cases , to which I consider it peculiarly adapted — and I use it in conjunction with medical treatment, in some other cases ; but, in the great majority of cases, I do not use hypnotism at all , but depend entirely upon the efficacy of medical, moral, dietetic, and hygienic treatment, prescribing active medicines in such doses as are calculated to produce obvious effects" — James Braid [48].
Braid died on 25 March , in Manchester, after just a few hours of illness. According to some contemporary accounts he died from " apoplexy ", and according to others he died from " heart disease ". Braid hypnotised the English Swedenborgian writer J. Wilkinson , who observed him hypnotising others several times, and began using hypnotism himself. Wilkinson soon became a passionate advocate of Braid's work and his published remarks on hypnotism were quoted enthusiastically by Braid several times in his later writings. However, Braid's legacy was maintained in Great Britain largely by John Milne Bramwell who collected all of his available works and published a biography and account of Braid's theory and practice as well as several books on hypnotism of his own.
In Braid's part in developing hypnosis for therapeutic purposes was recognised and commemorated by the creation of the James Braid Society, a discussion group for those "involved or concerned in the ethical uses of hypnosis". The society meets once a month in central London, usually for a presentation on some aspect of hypnotherapy. Braid published many letters and articles in journals and newspapers; he also published several pamphlets, and a number of books many of which were compendiums of his previously published works. His first major publication was Neurypnology, or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep , written less than two years after his discovery of hypnotism.
He continued revising his theories and his clinical applications of hypnotism, based on his experiments and his empirical experience. In Garth Wilkinson [56] published a description of Braid's "hypnotism", [57] which Braid described, two years later, as "a beautiful description of [my system of] hypnotism". In April , Robertson published a reconstructed English version, backward translated from the French, of Braid's last lost manuscript, On Hypnotism , addressed by Braid to the French Academy of Sciences. John Milne Bramwell , M. Bramwell had studied medicine at Edinburgh University in the same student cohort as Braid's grandson, Charles.
Consequently, due to his Edinburgh studies — especially those with John Hughes Bennett — , author of The Mesmeric Mania of , With a Physiological Explanation of the Phenomena Produced — Bramwell was very familiar with Braid and his work; and, more significantly, through Charles Braid, he also had unfettered access to those publications, records, papers, etc.
He was, perhaps, second only to Preyer in his wide-ranging familiarity with Braid and his works. He found that almost all of those students believed that Braid "held many erroneous views" and that "the researches of more recent investigators [had] disproved [those erroneous views]". Finding that "few seem to be acquainted with any of [Braid's] works except Neurypnology or with the fact that [ Neurypnology ] was only one of a long series on the subject of hypnotism, and that in the later ones his views completely changed", Bramwell was convinced that this ignorance of Braid, which sprang from "imperfect knowledge of his writings", was further compounded by at least three "universally adopted opinions"; viz.
Bramwell rejected the mistaken view — very widely promoted by Hippolyte Bernheim — that Braid knew nothing of suggestion, and that the entire 'history' of suggestive therapeutics began with the Nancy "Suggestion" School in the late s, had no foundation whatsoever:. The difference between Braid and the Nancy School, with regard to suggestion, is entirely one of theory, not of practice. Braid employed verbal suggestion in hypnosis just as intelligently as any member of the Nancy school. This fact is denied by Bernheim, who says: He did not dream of explaining the curative effects of hypnotism by means of the psychical influence of suggestion, but made use of suggestion without knowing it.
He also wrote on hypnotism and suggestion, strongly emphasizing the importance of Braid and his work " La Valeur Therapeutique de l'Hypnotisme et de la Suggestion ". Scottish inventions and discoveries: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. James Braid James Braid. Hypnotherapy Stage hypnosis Self-hypnosis Hypnosurgery. Hypnotic susceptibility Suggestion Age regression in therapy Hypnotic induction Neuro-linguistic programming Hypnotherapy in the United Kingdom. James Braid, gentleman scientist.
The first who investigated the matter [of mesmerism] in a scientific way, and who deserves more honour than he has yet received, was … James Braid, a Manchester surgeon. Modern Hypnotism owes it name and its appearance in the realm of science to the investigations made by Braid. Jules Bernard Luys — James Braid 26 March I shall conclude this [lecture] by a very simple mode of illustration, as respects the different points of view in which the mesmerists, the electro-biologists, and myself, stand toward each other in theory , by referring to the two theories of light contended for at the present time.
Braid successfully demonstrated that many of the alleged phenomena of mesmerism owed their origin to defective methods of observation. He made a detailed study of the technique of hypnosis and the various phenomena obtained in trances. He was a prolific writer and left extensive treatises which are surprisingly modern in their conceptions. The Practice of Hypnotism, Edinburgh, , F. One of his grandsons, also Thomas Anderson — , was an eminent chemist.
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Edinburgh , F. Surgeon and Hypnotist , p. Whilst in the U. Lafontaine only demonstrated "magnetic" phenomena; he did not demonstrate the treatment of patients at any time in public or private.
James Braid (surgeon)
The term crucis , derived from crux 'cross' , delivers a sense of the guidepost that gives directions when a single roadway splits into two. The equivalent term, experimentum cruces 'crucial experiment' , was certainly used by Isaac Newton , and may have been introduced by Robert Boyle. The two times that "witch" occurs in the King James version of the Bible — Exodus The correct translations are "enchantress", and "enchanter" respectively Easton, , p.