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Table of contents
- Methods in Chemical Ecology: Chemical methods - Google Книги
- Methods in Chemical Ecology Volume 2: Bioassay Methods
- 1. Introduction
- Freshwater Science
Callinectes, or 3 exposed directly to L. The control group not treated with penicillin-G was also exposed to L. Microscopic examination of the embryos following L. Based on these results, Gil-Tumes et al. Active extracts were sUbjected to bioassay-guided chemical purification.
Methods in Chemical Ecology: Chemical methods - Google Книги
This led to the identification of the antifungal compound culmorin from the marine fungus Leptosphaeria oraemaris. In addition, the fungus Arenariomyces trifurcatus produced an active fraction that contained a mixture of unidentified triglycerides. Motility Bioassays have been designed to examine the effects of crude extracts and pure compounds on the motility of marine microorganisms.
Colonizing CPB adults were fewer in limonoid treated plots, with a decrease in egg masses and smaller numbers of larvae [ ]. This study seemed to confirm the potential of limonoids for the management of young larvae at the beginning of the potato growing season [ ].
Despite decades of study, the commercialization of antifeedants has been generally unsuccessful because: Recently there has been interest in genetic manipulation of potato to enhance expression of deterrent compounds. Hybrid assays were conducted with S. Another possibility of genetically modified GM potatoes would take advantage of their hypersensitivity to chemical molecules associated with the presence of CPB eggs.
Since no microorganisms were detected near the plant necrosis, the authors supposed that the necrosis was due to female substances secreted during oviposition. As neither bacteria nor microorganisms were found, they supposed a chemical associated with eggs was responsible for the defoliation. The consequence of this resistance mechanism was that egg masses fell on the soil, thus increasing predation by soil-dwelling predators such as carabids [ ].
Today, research is still being conducted to better understand CPB biology in an effort to devise new control techniques. Toxic chemical treatments have been the best method to control CPB despite continual development of resistance. Now because of the inevitable decline of effective insecticide treatments, research should focus even more on the development of new control methods and approaches.
Some methods such as cultivating GM plants are not seen positively by consumers, and farmers have abandoned them due to a lack of buyers [ ]. Among the various alternative control techniques, chemical signals seem to be promising, especially when coupled with the use of natural predators and targeted pesticide treatments. Thus, it is necessary to continue to explore alternative control methods using semiochemicals and important to better understand behaviors generated by these semiochemicals.
The genetic variability between CPB populations, which seems to be greater for U. Effectively, CPB have shown metabolic adaptations for: Differences in perception of VOCs and perhaps other chemical signals between CPB populations may be important for the development of semiochemical-based control strategies and merit more investigations.
Methods in Chemical Ecology Volume 2: Bioassay Methods
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Insects v. Published online Dec Find articles by Ludovic Sablon. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license http: Abstract The Colorado potato beetle CPB has been a major insect pest to potato farming for over years and various control methods have been established to reduce its impact on potato fields. Table 1 Different approaches suggested to control the Colorado potato beetle.
Category Control Approaches References Cultural modifications Crop rotation [ 14 , 18 ] Delayed or early planting [ 15 ] Trap crops [ 15 , 19 ] Physical barriers Straw mulch ground cover [ 20 ] Traps with plastic trenches [ 21 ] Mechanical control Use of propane flamers [ 22 ] Vacuum collection devices [ 23 ] Biological control Predators or parasitoids [ 24 , 25 ] Nematodes [ 26 , 27 ] Fungi [ 28 ] Genetical modifications Transgenic plants with Bacillus thuringiensis [ 29 , 30 ] Molecular biology RNA interference [ 31 ].
Open in a separate window. Chemicals Involved in Host Plant Selection 2. Feeding stimulants of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Role of Plant Volatiles in CPB Orientation When CPB complete diapause and emerge from soil in spring, they quickly need to find host plants, using their olfactory system to locate a food source. Intraspecific Communication in CPB 3. Aggregation Pheromone and Aggregation Behavior While several studies were directed to the characterization of a potential female-produced sex pheromone see above , Dickens et al.
Defensive Chemicals CPB hemolymph contains a protein called leptinotarsin which is highly toxic when injected directly in insects or vertebrates. Semiochemical-Based IPM Strategies Recent discoveries have enhanced knowledge of chemical communication in CPB and highlight the potential of semiochemicals as a component of future integrated management strategies. Table 2 Different approaches suggested to control the Colorado potato beetle.
Name Schemas Brief description Masking odors CPB cannot detect its host plant because GLVs of potatoes were mixing with others odors from cultures intercropping Trap crops CPB are attracted in a specific part of the field with semiochemicals and only this part is treated to eliminate the beetles Antifeedants Chemical molecules were sprayed on potatoes to deter CPB feeding and damages are lesser on potato foliage Genetic manipulations Potatoes are genetically modified to detect CPB presence and to express more their defense mechanisms to prevent CPB colonization.
Use of Attractants and Aggregation Pheromone The use of semiochemical attractants to improve insecticide treatments should be considered as an innovative approach of CPB management. Antifeedants Antifeedants to deter CPB adults and larvae include a wide variety of chemicals. Genetic Manipulations Recently there has been interest in genetic manipulation of potato to enhance expression of deterrent compounds.
Conclusions Today, research is still being conducted to better understand CPB biology in an effort to devise new control techniques. References and Notes 1. The Colorado potato beetle: Pest on the move. Impact of defoliation by the Colorado potato beetle on potato yields.
Ecology and management of the Colorado potato beetle. Population dynamics of Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say in eastern Ontario. Colorado potato beetle Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae temperature-dependent growth and feeding rates. Chrysomelidae development in relation to temperature in Wisconsin. Colorado potato beetle resistance to insecticides.
Colorado potato beetle management on potatoes: Current challenges and future prospects. Fruit Vegetable Cereal Sci. Insecticide resistance in the Colorado potato beetle. Biochemical mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the Colorado potato beetle. Advances in Potato Pest Biology and Management. Distance, rotation, and border crops affect Colorado potato beetle Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae colonization and population-density and early blight Alternaria-solani severity in rotated potato fields.
Disrupting spring colonization of Colorado potato beetle to nonrotated potato fields. Combining engineered Bt-cry3A and natural resistance mechanisms in potato for control of Colorado potato beetle. The present and future role of insect resistant, genetically modified potato cultivars in potato IPM.
Colonization by Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae , in rotated and nonrotated potato fields. Increasing the effectiveness of spring trap crops for Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Chrysomelidae population development and effects on yield of potatoes with and without straw mulch. A plastic-lining trenching device for the control of Colorado potato beetle - beetle excluder.
Description of sublethals injuries caused to the Colorado potato beetle Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae by propane flamer treatement. Evaluation of vacuum collector for insect pest-control in potato. Arthropod natural enemies of the Colorado potato beetle. Biological control of the Colorado potato beetle. Comparison of endemic and exotic entomopathogenic nematode species for control of Colorado potato beetle Coleoptera: Lethal and sublethal effects of Iranian isolates of Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora on the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata.
Application parameters affecting field efficacy of Beauveria bassiana foliar treatments against Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Genetically improved potatoes - protection from damage by Colorado potato beetles. Field evaluation of natural, engineered, and combined resistance mechanisms in potato for control of colorado potato beetle. Ingested RNA interference for managing the populations of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Selection and specificity of the Colorado potato beetle for solanaceous and nonsolanaceous plants.
Host-plant discrimination and evolution of feeding preference in the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa-decemlineata. The influence of nutrient chemicals on the feeding behavior of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Coleoptera: Chemical basis of host selection and plant resistance in oligophagous insects.
Leaf surface sesquiterpene alcohols of the potato Solanum tuberosum and their influence on Colorado beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say feeding. Steroidal alkaloids in solanaceous vegetable crops. Separation of potato glycoalkaloids by gas chromatography. Insect resistance in potatoes - sources, evolutionary relantionships, morphological and chemical defenses, and ecogeographical associations. Glycoalkaloids as pest resistance factors. Leptine glycoalkaloids and resistance to the Colorado potato beetle Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae in Solanum chacoense.
1. Introduction
Bioassays of segregating plants - a strategy for studying chemical defenses. Segregation of leptine glycoalkaloids and resistance to Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say in F2 Solanum tuberosum 4x x S-chacoense 4x potato progenies. Differential neurosensory responses of adult Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata , to glycoalkaloids. Characterization of galeal chemosensilla in the adult Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Interactions of alkaloids with galeal chemosensory cells of Colorado potato beetle.
Growth of Leptinotarsa-decemlineata larvae in response to simultaneous variation in protein and glycoalkaloid concentration. Performance of Colorado potato beetle larvae, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say , reared on synthetic diets supplemented with Solanum glycoalkaloids. Variability in host plant chemistry: Colorado potato beetle toxins revisited: Evidence the beetle does not sequester host plant glycoalkaloids.
Effect of regurgitant from Leptinotarsa decemlineata on wound responses in Solanum tuberosum and Phaseolus vulgaris. Inhibition of proteinase inhibitor transcripts by Leptinotarsa decemlineata regurgitant in Solanum lycopersicum. Potato, Solanum tuberosum , defense against colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say: Microarray gene expression profiling of potato by colorado potato beetle regurgitant treatment of wounded leaves.
Specificity of induced resistance in tomato against specialist lepidopteran and coleopteran species. Studies on the physiological relation between the larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say and some solanaceous plants. Responses to air flow and airborne plant odour in the Colorado beetle. Specificity in the olfactory orientation of the Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata.
The design of a low-speed wind tunnel as an instrument for the study of olfactory orientation in the Colorado beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Entomol. Satiation effects on olfactory orientations patterns of Colorado potato beetle females. Isolation and identification of volatiles in the foliage of potato, Solanum tuberosum , a host plant of the Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Electroantennogram responses of the Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata , to plant volatiles.
Sexual maturation and temporal variation of neural responses in adult Colorado potato beetles to volatiles emitted by potato plants. Tasting green leaf volatiles by larvae and adults of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa-decemlineata. General green leaf volatiles in the olfactory orientation of the Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Host plant choice experiments of Colorado potato beetle Coleoptera: Host plant finding in phytophagous insects - the case of the Colorado potato beetle. Masking of host plant odour in the olfactory orientation of the Colorado potato beetle.
Misleading the Colorado potato beetle with an odor blend. Attraction of Colorado potato beetle to herbivore-damaged plants during herbivory and after its termination. Attraction of Colorado potato beetle Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae to damaged and chemically induced potato plants. Host plant selection of the Colorado potato beetle as influenced by damage induced volatiles of the potato plant.
An elicitor of plant volatiles from beet armyworm oral secretion. Interplant communication - airborne methyl jasmonate induces synthesis of proteinase-inhibitors in plant-leaves. Behavioural responses of larvae of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae , to host plant volatile blends attractive to adults. Response to host plant odors and aggregation pheromone by larvae of the Colorado potato beetle on a servosphere. Bioassay methods with terrestrial invertebrates.
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Methods in Chemical Ecology. Sex recognition by a pheromone in the Colorado beetle. Sublethal effects of permethrin on the chemical communication system of the pink bollworm moth. A pulsed cloud of sex pheromone elicits upwind flight in male moths. Sensory and behavioral effects of gossyplure alcohol on the sex pheromone response of male pink bollworm moths, Pectinophora gossypiella.
Temporal reproductive isolation between two species of plume moths. Monitoring insecticide resistance with insect pheromones. Control of pink bollworm moth Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae with insecticides and pheromones attracticide: Lethal and sublethal effects.
Monitoring insecticide resistance with yellow sticky cards. California Agriculture 40 Pheromone trap for monitoring insecticide resistance in the pink bollworm moth, Pectinophora gossypiella Lepidoptera: New tool for resistance management. Identification of the sex pheromone of the calendula plume moth, Platyptilia williamsii.
Manoeuvres used by flying male oriental fruit moths to relocate a sex pheromone plume in an experimentally shifted wind-field. World-wide and local variation in the chemical communication system of the pink bollworm moth, Pectinophora gossypiella. Field and laboratory electroantennographic measurements of pheromone plume structure.
An analysis of anemotactic flight in female moths stimulated by host odour and comparison to the males' response to sex pheromone. Interpopulational variation in the six- component pheromone blend of the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni.
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A mutation in the pheromonal communication system of the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni. Sex attractant for the bluegrass webworm Lepidoptera: Identification of the sex pheromone of the bristly cutworm, Lacinipolia renigera Stephens. Genetic basis of interpopulational differences in the pheromone blend of the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni. Periodicity in the quantity and blend ratios of pheromone components emitted by mutant and normal cabbage looper moths.
Freshwater Science
Effects of methoprene on chemical communication, courtship and oviposition in the cabbage looper moth Lepidoptera: Chemical communication and reproductive isolation in two types of the fall webworm Lepidoptera: Identification of floral compounds from Abelia grandiflora that stimulate upwind flight in cabbage looper moths, Trichoplusia ni. Archives of Insect Biochem. Antennal neurones specific for redundant pheromone components in normal and mutant Trichoplusia ni males. Behavioral response of Graminella nigrifrons to experimentally manipulated vibrational signals.
Susceptibility of the pea aphid to a predator and an insecticide in the presence of synthetic alarm pheromone.