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The Government agrees with the general conclusions of the Review. It agrees Australia is at a critical stage in developing a cohesive, united, multicultural nation. It agrees there is a need to change the direction of its services to migrants and that further steps to encourage multiculturalism are needed. In , following the Galbally Report on the Review of Post-Arrival Programs and Services to Migrants, there was a shift in the government policy framework for responding to migrant settlement and resulting cultural and linguistic diversity, towards multiculturalism.

Fraser also identified the broader societal goal of promoting multiculturalism as part of his Government's response to the Galbally Report:. The Government accepts that it is now essential to give significant further encouragement to develop a multicultural attitude in Australian society.

It will foster the retention of the cultural heritage of different ethnic groups and promote intercultural understanding. Recognising that education was a key element in achieving this goal, Fraser committed funding to the development of multicultural and community language education programs in schools.

In addition, the Fraser Government established the Australian Institute of Multicultural Affairs AIMA to engage in and commission research and to advise the Commonwealth on multicultural issues; extended ethnic radio services and grants to ethnic community organisations; and established the Special Broadcasting Service SBS. State and territory governments also established Ethnic Affairs Commissions and Migrant Settlement Councils following the Galbally Report, with the s as a whole being a decade which saw the significant consolidation of multicultural policies and institutions.

The Hawke Labor Government introduced a number of cuts to government programs in the mids, including the abolition of the AIMA in By the late s Australia had a high migrant intake which included significant numbers of new arrivals from Asian and Middle-Eastern countries. Confusion and mistrust of multiculturalism, focussing on the suspicion that it drove immigration policy, was very broadly articulated. Many people, from a variety of occupational and cultural backgrounds, perceived it as divisive. The majority of these people also expressed concern about immigrants' commitment to Australia and to Australian principles and institutions.

The FitzGerald Report argued that the need for a sharper economic focus in the selection of immigrants is the most central issue in immigration reform. In the same year the initial bipartisanship that had characterised the introduction of a multicultural framework was effectively broken when then Opposition Leader, John Howard, called for the abandonment of the term multiculturalism, and a focus on 'One Australia' that:. Some of the issues raised in the FitzGerald Report were manifested in the Hawke Government's multicultural policy statement, the National Agenda for a Multicultural Australia.

The initiatives announced by the Hawke Government as part of the new policy included: the establishment of a National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition; expansion of the Government's Access and Equity Strategy beyond immigrants to address all groups encountering racial, religious, cultural or linguistic barriers to accessing government services; continued and expanded support for English language teaching and second language learning; and a community relations campaign to address ethnic diversity and social cohesion issues. Academic, Gwenda Tavan, has described the years of the Hawke and Keating Labor Governments between and as being characterised by the expansion of multicultural programs, strong efforts to place multiculturalism within a nationalist narrative where cultural diversity and tolerance were part of Australian national identity, as well the strengthening of relationships between ethnic communities and the Commonwealth and state Labor governments.

Despite the growth of multicultural programs in this period, the social justice objectives of multicultural policy were undermined by evidence of persisting structural inequalities and injustices facing particular migrant communities as well as enduring disadvantage faced by Indigenous Australians. The Coalition Government that won the federal election was led by Prime Minister John Howard, who for many years had been a vocal critic of multiculturalism.

The election also brought Independent candidate, Pauline Hanson, into Federal Parliament on the strength of the largest swing in the election—19 per cent—in the former Labor seat of Oxley in the state of Queensland. In the face of public criticism of multiculturalism, the NMAC, including new members appointed by the Howard Government in June , called for leadership in defence of multiculturalism, in its May report, Australian Multiculturalism for a New Century: Towards Inclusiveness.

The New Agenda explicitly recognised that while Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, as Australia's 'First Peoples', 'provide a foundation for the cultural diversity of the nation, it is appropriate that their distinct needs and rights be reaffirmed and accorded separate consideration'. This new statement reaffirms the government's commitment to promoting diversity, understanding and tolerance in all areas of endeavour.

These actions are especially important given the tragic events of 11 September in the United States of America and 12 October in Bali and the changed global environment in which we live. The New Agenda was updated to reflect a strategic shift in focus to unity and social cohesion in response to issues arising out of the threat of terrorism, and led to the development of community management strategies to 'manage existing and potential tensions' surrounding events such as terrorist attacks and the war in Iraq.

The focus on terrorism and Islamic radicalism saw the creation of the Muslim Community Reference Group in September , following the London bombings of 7 July, to 'provide advice on how government and the Muslim communities can work together more effectively to address intolerance and achieve a more inclusive society'. Supporting Australian Muslims to become more integrated and connected with the rest of the community, particularly in terms of jobs, educational attainment, and participation in community activities, is an important aspect of preventing extremism and violent ideologies gaining influence in Australia.

Resurgent Shadows – Successive Harmony Series Book 1 | Author Kevin L Nielsen

Gwenda Tavan points out that as Australia's immigrant intake, in both permanent and temporary categories, increased significantly between the late s and overall funding for multicultural, citizenship and settlement programs also increased in the years surrounding the release of this policy. Then Prime Minister, John Howard, stated that while the change did not mean that the term multiculturalism was defunct, it was made 'in recognition of the obvious fact, and obvious belief on the part of the entire Australian community, that immigration should lead to citizenship'. In , DIAC officials offered this response when questioned about the removal of the word 'multicultural' from the Department's title:.

The government's settlement and cultural diversity policy and programmes give effect to the four guiding principles of the Galbally report. Under the policy, subject to the law, all Australians have the right to express their own culture and beliefs and have a reciprocal obligation to respect the right of others to do the same Government funding for settlement services recognises the need for specific programmes, based on the principles of self-reliance and participation. Ministers use the word integration more frequently now than they may have previously, but the department's responsibilities in administering programs have not changed.

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He confirmed that multicultural and ethnic affairs continued to be within the Department's responsibilities under the relevant administrative arrangements orders and the Department continued to administer a number of cultural diversity programs, such as the 'Living in Harmony Program' and the 'National Action Plan to Build on Social Cohesion, Harmony and Security'. While in Opposition, Labor had given some indication of its policy direction on this issue. In response to the Howard Government's decision to dispense with the term 'multiculturalism' in the name of the Department of Immigration, the Labor Opposition proposed that it would establish two new offices in the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet to deal with issues of integration and multiculturalism, as well as citizenship.

Opposition leader, Kim Beazley, stated:. Integration and multiculturalism must be recognised when we develop education and health policies, policies for the disabled, for the ageing, for workers, for children, and for mums and dads. And citizenship policies should reach all of us, not just migrants. Early in its term in office the Rudd Labor Government announced it was broadly reviewing how best to foster and promote the benefits of cultural diversity in the Australian community, including through a review of the 'Living in Harmony' program which had been operating since The AMAC's first statement to government, 'The people of Australia' noted the enduring reality and necessity of multiculturalism to Australia.

It made recommendations to government on issues including the importance of ensuring equal access to services for all Australians, the need to tackle discrimination, prejudice and racism, and the need to provide opportunities to all members of Australia's population for participation in community life. The statement emphasised that government has a responsibility to 'maintain a just, inclusive and cohesive society'.

In welcoming this statement, the Minister for Immigration, Senator Chris Evans, stated: 'The government is committed to ensuring that future multicultural policy is based on participation and inclusion.

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It is a policy that is about all Australians and it should seek to benefit us all'. At the time of the August election the Labor Government had not released a new policy on multiculturalism. I think that it's important that we recognise the diversity of Australian society but these days on both sides of politics we tend to talk more in terms of citizenship and I'm happy to keep doing that. I think that it's important that we acknowledge the diversity of Australia but I think it's also important to focus on the unity of Australia and that's what I want to do.

The Gillard Government has met with criticism from the Federation of Ethnic Communities Councils FECCA for the removal of the term 'multiculturalism', with Council spokesperson, Pino Migliorino, indicating that 'there is a great deal of community concern about this'. All Australian states and territories currently have policies and bodies dealing with multiculturalism.

The Act expanded the range of public authorities to which multicultural service delivery obligations applied to include state-owned corporations and local government authorities in recognition of the critical role of local governments in delivering services to the community. A review of the EAPS program undertaken in found that, as compared with other Australian jurisdictions as well as countries with comparable multicultural frameworks, namely, Canada, the United Kingdom and New Zealand, the NSW multicultural policy framework was the most effective example of multicultural governance that they reviewed internationally and within Australia.

The principles of multiculturalism in Victoria are enshrined in the Multicultural Victoria Act Vic. On 14 March the Victorian Government launched a new multicultural policy statement, All of us: Victoria's multicultural policy , following a consultation process focused on the themes of advancing equality by supporting the human rights of all Victorians, supporting cultural, linguistic and religious diversity, fostering unity and promoting community harmony and boosting economic advantage.

Following the publication of the Totaro Report in the Commission was increased in size from eight to 11 members, and its functions broadened to allow the Commission a stronger role in ethnic rights advocacy and strengthen its advisory role. Following a consultation process initiated in November , in the Western Australian Government launched the OMI Strategic Plan for —, to achieve the objectives of full participation for CALD communities, equity, and promoting the benefits of Western Australia's cultural and linguistic diversity.

Tasmania's multicultural policy is coordinated by Multicultural Tasmania, an agency located within the Department of Premier and Cabinet. Historically, multiculturalism in Australia has been contested both as a concept and policy framework. Lopez argues that by the mids some earlier proponents of multiculturalism such as Jerzy Zubrzycki and Sir James Gobbo, were engaging in 'post-multicultural' theorising by suggesting that 'multiculturalism' should be replaced with 'cultural diversity' as multiculturalism was a 'self-conscious' term that should no longer be necessary and had outlived its purpose.

Some have argued that debates about multiculturalism in Australia have often been racialised—that is, mediated through ethnic and racial categories of perception—and had the effect of questioning whether certain sectors of the Australian population were incompatible with, or posed a threat to, Australian society. In her first speech to Federal Parliament, Hanson stated:. Immigration and multiculturalism are issues that this government is trying to address, but for far too long ordinary Australians have been kept out of any debate by the major parties.

I and most Australians want our immigration policy radically reviewed and that of multiculturalism abolished. I believe we are in danger of being swamped by Asians They have their own culture and religion, form ghettos and do not assimilate.

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Of course, I will be called racist but, if I can invite whom I want into my home, then I should have the right to have a say in who comes into my country. A truly multicultural country can never be strong or united.


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Hanson and the One Nation party, formed in and led by Hanson, drew much of its support from Queensland, but reached the height of its national popularity in the federal election. Between the late s and anxieties around 'foreigners' and threats to the national community coalesced around the issues of so called 'ethnic gang rapes' and the arrival of, predominantly Muslim, asylum seekers on boats off the coast of Australia. Every nation has the right to effectively control its borders and to decide who comes here and under what circumstances, and Australia has no intention of surrendering or compromising that right The problem does lie in the ease of entry of many people from Middle Eastern and other countries to neighbouring countries of Indonesia and their relative ease of transfer to Indonesia and then through Indonesia onto boats and down to Australia.


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    5. Something has to be done to stop that flow of humanity. The September terrorist attacks in the US and the attendant spectre of global terrorism significantly compounded existing concerns about national security and brought many latent anxieties about multiculturalism to a head.

    Resurgent Shadows by Kevin Nielsen

    Key international events following the September terrorist attacks, such as the war in Iraq, the Bali bombings and London bombings, played a role in shaping public attitudes towards ethnic and cultural diversity and towards parts of the Australian population. The Howard Government's last policy statement on multiculturalism, released in , was framed in the context of prevailing security concerns about the threat of terrorism.

    In the broader global and national climate of insecurity and ambivalence towards ethno-cultural diversity, in December news of the now notorious Cronulla riots confronted national and international audiences with reports of alcohol-fuelled violence against people of 'Middle-Eastern appearance' by demonstrators clad in Australian flags, and violent reprisal attacks that followed.

    Amidst mounting public anxiety about the management of ethno-cultural diversity the term 'multiculturalism' itself attracted considerable ambivalence, even hostility from some political leaders. As the culmination of years of criticism of multiculturalism among some conservative politicians, members of the Howard Government suggested it was an outdated or 'redundant' term.

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    Well there's every reason to try and assimilate, and I unapologetically use that word, a section of the community, a tiny minority of whose members have caused concern and after all once somebody's become a citizen of this country the best thing we can do is to absorb them into the mainstream. In the immediate aftermath of the events at Cronulla in a number of community building initiatives were established to heal the fissures exposed by the incident.

    Despite this sobering fact, the Cronulla riots are serious enough to remind governments of the responsibilities of managing cultural diversity and resisting racist undercurrents. In contrast with much of the public and political rhetoric of the time, two national studies about multicultural Australia, commissioned by SBS and published in and , found that there was an overwhelmingly positive response to Australia's cultural diversity among a majority of the participants. James Jupp points out that Australian multicultural policies have always been premised on the supremacy of existing institutions and values and the primacy of the English language, while placing less emphasis on cultural maintenance beyond the immigrant generation, unlike the Canadian model of multiculturalism.

    Gwenda Tavan highlights that there is an inherent paradox in the fact that the concept of multiculturalism, which was introduced in response to increases in the size and diversity of Australia's migrant intake, was being incrementally marginalised during a decade of marked increases in Australia's migrant intake. However, evidence suggests that new challenges continue to emerge from changes to Australia's migrant intake and the resulting growth of new and emerging communities. In its first statement on Australia's multicultural future, the AMAC stated the following in relation to the importance of including multiculturalism in the nation's political vernacular:.

    The multicultural character of Australia is central to the Australian story. Governments should tell this story. Our political leaders should have no difficulty in presenting 'multicultural Australia' as an important part of the 'national identity' they frequently invoke.