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Christ Jesus, our Lord and Savior, is wholly present under the appearance either of bread or of wine in the Eucharist. Furthermore, Christ is wholly present in any fragment of the consecrated Host or in any drop of the Precious Blood. Nevertheless, it is especially fitting to receive Christ in both forms during the celebration of the Eucharist. This allows the Eucharist to appear more perfectly as a banquet, a banquet that is a foretaste of the banquet that will be celebrated with Christ at the end of time when the Kingdom of God is established in its fullness cf.

Eucharisticum Mysterium , no. Christ is present during the Eucharist in various ways. He is present in the person of the priest who offers the sacrifice of the Mass. According to the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy of the Second Vatican Council, Christ is present in his Word "since it is he himself who speaks when the holy scriptures are read in the Church. Furthermore, he is likewise present in other sacraments; for example, "when anybody baptizes it is really Christ himself who baptizes" ibid.


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We speak of the presence of Christ under the appearances of bread and wine as "real" in order to emphasize the special nature of that presence. What appears to be bread and wine is in its very substance the Body and Blood of Christ.

Philosophy of the Plan of Salvation: A Book for the Times (3rd Edition)

The entire Christ is present, God and man, body and blood, soul and divinity. While the other ways in which Christ is present in the celebration of the Eucharist are certainly not unreal, this way surpasses the others. First, the Body of Christ refers to the human body of Jesus Christ, who is the divine Word become man. During the Eucharist, the bread and wine become the Body and Blood of Christ. As human, Jesus Christ has a human body, a resurrected and glorified body that in the Eucharist is offered to us in the form of bread and wine.

Secondly, as St. Paul taught us in his letters, using the analogy of the human body, the Church is the Body of Christ, in which many members are united with Christ their head 1 Cor , ; Rom This reality is frequently referred to as the Mystical Body of Christ. All those united to Christ, the living and the dead, are joined together as one Body in Christ.

This union is not one that can be seen by human eyes, for it is a mystical union brought about by the power of the Holy Spirit. The central act of the Church is the celebration of the Eucharist; the individual believers are sustained as members of the Church, members of the Mystical Body of Christ, through their reception of the Body of Christ in the Eucharist. Playing on the two meanings of "Body of Christ," St. Augustine tells those who are to receive the Body of Christ in the Eucharist: "Be what you see, and receive what you are" Sermon In another sermon he says, "If you receive worthily, you are what you have received" Sermon The work of the Holy Spirit in the celebration of the Eucharist is twofold in a way that corresponds to the twofold meaning of "Body of Christ.

Philosophy of the Plan of Salvation. A Book for the Times

In the eucharistic prayer, the priest asks the Father to send the Holy Spirit down upon the gifts of bread and wine to transform them into the Body and Blood of Christ a prayer known as the epiclesis or "invocation upon". On the other hand, at the same time the priest also asks the Father to send the Holy Spirit down upon the whole assembly so that "those who take part in the Eucharist may be one body and one spirit" Catechism , no. It is through the Holy Spirit that the gift of the eucharistic Body of Christ comes to us and through the Holy Spirit that we are joined to Christ and each other as the Mystical Body of Christ.

By this we can see that the celebration of the Eucharist does not just unite us to God as individuals who are isolated from one another. Rather, we are united to Christ together with all the other members of the Mystical Body. The celebration of the Eucharist should thus increase our love for one another and remind us of our responsibilities toward one another.

Furthermore, as members of the Mystical Body, we have a duty to represent Christ and to bring Christ to the world. We have a responsibility to share the Good News of Christ not only by our words but also by how we live our lives. We also have a responsibility to work against all the forces in our world that oppose the Gospel, including all forms of injustice. To receive in truth the Body and Blood of Christ given up for us, we must recognize Christ in the poorest, his brethren" no.

Lesson 1 – Prophetic Symbols Revealed

The word "mystery" is commonly used to refer to something that escapes the full comprehension of the human mind. In the Bible, however, the word has a deeper and more specific meaning, for it refers to aspects of God's plan of salvation for humanity, which has already begun but will be completed only with the end of time. In ancient Israel, through the Holy Spirit God revealed to the prophets some of the secrets of what he was going to accomplish for the salvation of his people cf. Am ; Is ; Dan Likewise, through the preaching and teaching of Jesus, the mystery of "the Kingdom of God" was being revealed to his disciples Mk Paul explained that the mysteries of God may challenge our human understanding or may even seem to be foolishness, but their meaning is revealed to the People of God through Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit cf.

The Eucharist is a mystery because it participates in the mystery of Jesus Christ and God's plan to save humanity through Christ.

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We should not be surprised if there are aspects of the Eucharist that are not easy to understand, for God's plan for the world has repeatedly surpassed human expectations and human understanding cf. Jn For example, even the disciples did not at first understand that it was necessary for the Messiah to be put to death and then to rise from the dead cf.

Mk , , ; Mt , , ; Lk , , Furthermore, any time that we are speaking of God we need to keep in mind that our human concepts never entirely grasp God. We must not try to limit God to our understanding, but allow our understanding to be stretched beyond its normal limitations by God's revelation.

By his Real Presence in the Eucharist Christ fulfils his promise to be with us "always, until the end of the age" Mt Thomas Aquinas wrote, "It is the law of friendship that friends should live together. Christ has not left us without his bodily presence in this our pilgrimage, but he joins us to himself in this sacrament in the reality of his body and blood" Summa Theologiae , III q. With this gift of Christ's presence in our midst, the Church is truly blessed. As Jesus told his disciples, referring to his presence among them, "Amen, I say to you, many prophets and righteous people longed to see what you see but did not see it, and to hear what you hear but did not hear it" Mt In the Eucharist the Church both receives the gift of Jesus Christ and gives grateful thanks to God for such a blessing.

This thanksgiving is the only proper response, for through this gift of himself in the celebration of the Eucharist under the appearances of bread and wine Christ gives us the gift of eternal life. Amen, amen, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you do not have life within you. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise him on the last day. For my flesh is true food, and my blood is true drink. Just as the living Father sent me and I have life because of the Father, so also the one who feeds on me will have life because of me.

As the Gospel of Matthew tells us: While they were eating, Jesus took bread, said the blessing, broke it, and giving it to his disciples said, "Take and eat; this is my body. Mk , Lk , 1 Cor Recalling these words of Jesus, the Catholic Church professes that, in the celebration of the Eucharist, bread and wine become the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ through the power of the Holy Spirit and the instrumentality of the priest. Why does Jesus give himself to us as food and drink? Why is the Eucharist not only a meal but also a sacrifice? When the bread and wine become the Body and Blood of Christ, why do they still look and taste like bread and wine?

Does the bread cease to be bread and the wine cease to be wine?


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Is it fitting that Christ's Body and Blood become present in the Eucharist under the appearances of bread and wine? Are the consecrated bread and wine "merely symbols"? Do the consecrated bread and wine cease to be the Body and Blood of Christ when the Mass is over?

The Beginning and the End

Why are some of the consecrated hosts reserved after the Mass? What are appropriate signs of reverence with respect to the Body and Blood of Christ? If someone without faith eats and drinks the consecrated bread and wine, does he or she still receive the Body and Blood of Christ? If a believer who is conscious of having committed a mortal sin eats and drinks the consecrated bread and wine, does he or she still receive the Body and Blood of Christ? Does one receive the whole Christ if one receives Holy Communion under a single form?


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Is Christ present during the celebration of the Eucharist in other ways in addition to his Real Presence in the Blessed Sacrament? Why do we speak of the "Body of Christ" in more than one sense? Why do we call the presence of Christ in the Eucharist a "mystery"? Conclusion By his Real Presence in the Eucharist Christ fulfils his promise to be with us "always, until the end of the age" Mt All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright holder.

The Real Presence of Jesus Christ in the Sacrament of the Eucharist: Basic Questions and Answers

Called to be a theological consultant at the Second Council of Lyon, Thomas died in Fossanova, Italy, on March 7, , while making his way to the council. Pius V in Through his voluminous, insightful, and tightly argued writings, Thomas continues to this day to attract numerous intellectual disciples, not only among Catholics, but among Protestants and non-Christians as well. Thomas is famous for being extremely productive as an author in his relatively short life.

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For example, he authored four encyclopedic theological works, commented on all of the major works of Aristotle, authored commentaries on all of St. His literary output is as diverse as it is large. For present purposes, this article focuses on the first four of these literary genera. Although Thomas aims at both clarity and brevity in the works, because Thomas also aims to speak about all the issues integral to the teaching the Catholic faith, the works are quite long for example, Summa theologiae , although unfinished, numbers 2, pages in the English translation of the Fathers of the English Dominican Province.

Whereas the last book treats subjects the truth of which cannot be demonstrated philosophically, the first three books are intended by Thomas as what we might call works of natural theology, that is, theology that from first to last does not defend its conclusions by citing religious authorities but rather contains only arguments that begin from premises that are or can be made evident to human reason apart from divine revelation and end by drawing logically valid conclusions from such premises.

In citing Scripture in the SCG, Thomas thus aims to demonstrate that faith and reason are not in conflict, that those conclusions reached by way of philosophy coincide with the teachings of Scripture.