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A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce. Read an Excerpt. Buy. Look Inside Illustrated by Roman Muradov Foreword by Karl Ove Knausgaard.
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There are numerous references to various elements and rites of Roman Catholicism : the priest's soutane, the censor, and the sacraments of communion and confession. Bird symbolism is prominent too. In addition to the eagles mentioned above, there is Stephen's school friend and rival Heron, who is associated with the "birds of prey. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is set in Ireland in the late nineteenth century and at the very beginning of the twentieth century. Joyce does not give precise dates in the narrative, but there is a reference to at least one historical event the fall of Parnell that helps to date the action.

Moreover, critics agree that the incidents in the life of Stephen Dedalus, the "young man" of the title, closely parallel incidents in the life of Joyce himself.

In , Joyce wrote an autobiographical essay titled "A Portrait of the Artist. These years approximately form the parameters of the novel. Joyce grew up in an Ireland that constitutionally was a part of a nation formally known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Located just to the west of the island of Great Britain , Ireland had its own distinctive customs and culture. Most significantly, while Protestantism was the predominant religion in Great Britain, most native Irish people were Roman Catholics. However, both politically and economically, Ireland had long been dominated by Britain.

This dominant British presence in Ireland went back to the middle ages, when Norman knights from England first arrived in Ireland at the invitation of local Irish chieftains. The British presence in Ireland grew over the next few hundred years, for a variety of reasons. During the reign in England of Queen Elizabeth I — , British settlers mainly from Scotland went to Ireland and suppressed local Irish resistance.

In the mids, British rule of Ireland was further consolidated by the English Parliamentary leader Oliver Cromwell , whose army scoured the Irish countryside.

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Cromwell drove many thousands of native Irish from their land and persecuted Irish Catholics. The Roman Catholic Church was outlawed in , but Catholic priests continued to practice underground. Periodically, Irish factions rebelled against British rule, but these rebellions notably one in were easily put down. Ironically, many of the leaders of these Irish nationalist movements were Irish Protestants who were descended from earlier British settlers.

In the Irish parliament in Dublin was dissolved, and the two countries were joined under a single government headquartered in London. Nonetheless, despite British persecution of the native Irish, a distinctive Irish identity remained strong. By the late nineteenth century many Irish people aspired to a form of limited Irish independence known as Home Rule. The Great Famine of the s saw the deaths or emigration of some several million Irish men, women, and children—more than half the total population of Ireland at the time. However, this period proved a turning point in the Irish struggle for self-determination.

The action of A Portrait occurs some time after the activities of Davitt and the downfall of Parnell. However, in the novel the memory of Parnell is still strong. Joyce, an individualist, was disturbed both by Ireland's nationalist politics and the strict doctrine of the Catholic Church. He regarded himself as a cosmopolitan, a citizen of Europe if not of the world. This is made very clear in the final chapter of A Portrait , in which Stephen Dedalus declares his intention to fly past the nets of "nationality, religion, language. Ironically, the Irish nationalist uprising that eventually led to Irish independence occurred in , the very year in which A Portrait was published in England.

By this time, Joyce was living in Zurich. By the time Joyce made his mark as a writer, Ireland already had a long and distinguished literary history. During the so-called Dark Ages , Irish monks helped preserve classical learning, copying classical texts in beautiful manuscripts. Poets were greatly esteemed and held high positions in the courts of Irish kings.

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During the long period of British domination, some of the finest writers in the English language were Anglo-Irish that is, Irish of British descent. Among these were the poet and satirist Jonathan Swift — , who served as dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin; the poet and prose writer Oliver Goldsmith ? By the mids, however, sentimental stories and ballads of no great literary merit were the norm.

The late s and early s—the time frame during which A Portrait is set—saw a movement known as the Irish Literary Revival. Unquestionably the central figure in this group was the poet and dramatist William Butler Yeats — Almost single-handedly Yeats created a new Irish literature. By the time Joyce was an undergraduate student at University College, Dublin, Yeats was the most famous living Irish writer.

However, the work of Yeats and his associates made much use of Irish themes and subjects drawn from Irish folklore and mythology. Joyce, on the other hand, had discovered the work of French writers and of the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen. Stephen Dedalus's statements in Chapter Five of A Portrait suggest that Joyce had already decided to reject the celebration of Irish nationalism as a literary theme.

When the young Joyce was introduced to Yeats, he told Yeats that the poet was already too old to help him. Rather than write about ancient heroes and legends, Joyce wanted to chronicle the lives of ordinary people in his early fiction. There is another notable difference between Joyce and his best-known predecessors. At a time when Protestants dominated the cultural institutions of Ireland, Joyce was the first major Irish Catholic writer.

Even though he himself rejected Roman Catholicism—a process that is detailed in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man —he made his religious background an integral aspect of this novel. And although he wrote brilliantly in the English language , Joyce was keenly aware that he wrote in the language of Ireland's conquerors. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man attracted much attention when it was published, and also caused controversy. The book was widely reviewed in Europe and the United States.

The most enthusiastic reactions came from other leading novelists and intellectuals of the period, who acclaimed it as a work of genius.

However, not all early critics agreed on the book's merits. Rather than praising its originality, some critics denounced the work as formless or as blasphemous and obscene. The English novelist H. Wells reviewed the book in , the year after its publication. Writing in the New Republic , Wells called it "by far the most living and convincing picture that exists of an Irish Catholic upbringing.

It is a mosaic of jagged fragments that … [renders] with extreme completeness the growth of a rather secretive, imaginative boy in Dublin.

Like many critics of the time, Wells felt that these subjects were best left out of a serious work of literature. Joyce, he said, "would bring back into the general picture of life aspects which modern drainage and modern decorum have taken out of ordinary intercourse and conversation. Other critics were more blunt and more scathing in their attacks on the novel. An anonymous reviewer in Everyman called the book "garbage" and said that "we feel that Mr.

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Joyce would be at his best in a treatise on drains. A reviewer for the Irish Book Lover warned that "no clean-minded person could possibly allow it to remain within reach of his wife, his sons or daughters. The distinguished British novelist Ford Madox Ford admired the book for its stylistic excellence. He called it "a book of such beauty of writing, such clarity of perception, such a serene love of and interest in life, and such charity….

The book's impact continued to be felt in Ireland long after Joyce's death. Although the Catholic Church disapproved, important Irish writers saw it as the first great Irish novel of the twentieth century. In , the short-story writer Sean O'Faolain remarked that "this autobiographical-imaginative record [is] so mesmeric, so hypnotic a book that I can never speak of it to young readers without murmuring, Enter these enchanted woods ye who dare ….

In the decades since its publication, A Portrait of a Artist as a Young Man has continued to receive the attention of many scholars and critics.

It has perhaps suffered in comparison with Ulysses , which critics generally regard as a much richer, more ambitious, and more complex novel. For example, Joyce's biographer Richard Ellmann devoted an entire book Ulysses on the Liffey to Ulysses but had noticeably less to say about A Portrait. The Oxford don J. Stewart better known as the author of detective novels under the pseudonym Michael Innes appreciated Joyce's command of language and imaginative brilliance in A Portrait , but felt that the result was uneven.

According to Stewart, "Stephen Dedalus is presented to us with a hitherto unexampled intimacy and immediacy. Hugh Kenner has pointed out that the opening pages of the novel attempt to do something that has never been done before. The author does not guide the reader in understanding the narrative, but leaves the reader to work things out for himself or herself. Kenner sums up the book's impact on literary history, saying that after this novel, "Fiction in English would never be the same.

Hochman, who teaches at Portland Community College, analyzes whether Joyce's hero should be viewed as either serious or absurd, and he discusses references to Greek mythology in the book.