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Table of contents
- Vanishing Bigfoot
- 46 (Real?) Creatures That Terrify People Around The World
- Availability
- List of cryptids
Although Flat Earthers generally regard this as a positive, undogmatic approach, attempts have been made to agree on a 'core' theory or set of attributes.
- References?
- Bungisngis.
- Venetian Moon (Crimson Romance).
- Articles by Topic!
- The Life and Times of Precious Meat?
- Unarmed (Unarmed Trilogy Book 1)?
A prominent feature of the song is the refrain "lie, lie, lie," indicating a strong denunciation of the society and its theories. The band has produced similar songs criticizing other movements it views as pseudoscientific. What planet is he on? The Guardian. BBC News. New York Times. Bull, London. BBC World Service. Retrieved May 21, Flat Earth News. Cole, Contributing Editor National Center for Science Education.
The collection comprises in 31 boxes and folders the papers of the Flat Earth Society during Samuel Shenton's involvement with the society — The material includes incoming and outgoing correspondence, promotional material such as leaflets and posters, magazines, manuscripts, lecture material including maps and diagrams, photographs, press cuttings, notes, books on astronomy and the Earth, and various other ephemera. Moon Landings? A Fraud! Science Digest, July A very detailed look at the Society and its leader. Schadewald was president of the National Center for Science Education and an expert on alternative earth movements.
This article explains the use of lighthouse data by Samuel Rowbotham.
Schadewald, from the Skeptical Inquirer, Winter — Describes the movements leading to the Flat Earth Society and discusses parallels with creationism. By Robert P.
Day, Documents the full Flat Earth Society newsletter. Part of the Talk. Williams, editor. This includes looking for living examples of animals that are considered extinct, such as dinosaurs; animals whose existence lacks physical evidence but which appear in myths, legends, or are reported, such as Bigfoot and Chupacabra;[1] and wild animals dramatically outside their normal geographic ranges, such as phantom cats or "ABCs" an initialism commonly used by cryptozoologists that stands for Alien Big Cats. Reconstruction of an alleged Ogopogo sighting The animals cryptozoologists study are often referred to as cryptids, a term coined by John Wall in Overview The coining of the word cryptozoology is often attributed to zoologist Bernard Heuvelmans, though Heuvelmans attributes coinage of the term to the late Scottish explorer and adventurer Ivan T.
He also stressed that attention should be given to local, urban and folkloric sources regarding such creatures, arguing that while often layered in unlikely and fantastic elements, folktales can have small grains of truth and important information regarding undiscovered organisms. Phantom cats an example of living animals supposedly found outside of their normal range are a common subject of cryptozoological interest,[7] largely due to the relative likelihood of existence in comparison to fantastical cryptids lacking any evidence of existence, such as Dr.
Karl Shuker is a prominent British zoologist Mothman.
Vanishing Bigfoot
Another notable book on the subject is Willy Ley's Exotic Zoology Ley was best known for his writings on rocketry and related topics, but he was trained in paleontology, and wrote a number of books about animals. Ley's collection Exotic Zoology is of some interest to cryptozoology, as he discusses the Yeti and sea serpents, as well as relict dinosaurs. Also notable is the work of British zoologist and cryptozoologist Karl Shuker, who has published 12 books and countless articles on numerous cryptozoological subjects since the mids.
Loren Coleman, a modern popularizer of cryptozoology, has chronicled the history and personalities of cryptozoology in his books. Discoveries Cryptozoologists claim there have been cases where species now accepted by the scientific community were initially considered superstition, hoaxes, delusions or misidentifications. The mountain gorilla,[11] giant squid[12] and Hoan Kiem Turtle[13] [14] are other examples of extant species that were brought to the attention of modern science but formerly thought to be cryptids.
An Okapi at Walt Disney's Animal Kingdom, The discovery of the fossil remains of Homo floresiensis was symbol of the defunct International Society of cited by paleontologist Henry Gee, editor of the journal Nature as Cryptozoology possible evidence that humanoid cryptids like the Orang Pendek and yeti were "founded on grains of truth". Criticism Cryptozoology has been criticised because of its reliance on anecdotal information[16] and because some cryptozoologists do not follow the scientific method[17] [18] and devote a substantial portion of their efforts to investigations of animals that most scientists believe are unlikely to have existed.
Some scientists argue that megafauna cryptids are unlikely to exist undetected in great enough numbers to maintain a breeding population,[20] and are unlikely to be able to survive in their reported habitats due to issues of climate and food supply. References [1] Simpson, George G. Retrieved September Retrieved 26 August In the Wake of the Sea-Serpents.
46 (Real?) Creatures That Terrify People Around The World
New York: Hill and Wang. British Big Cats Society. A Macabre Myth of a Moth-Man. Cryptozoology The Museum of UnNatural Mystery. The UnMuseum.
Availability
Retrieved 20 December Penguin Books. Asian Turtle Conservation Network. Scientific American 5 : Trumbore, Harry. Borderlands: The Ultimate Exploration of the Unknown. Overlook Press. Retrieved December Landisville, Penn. The Weiser Field Guide to Cryptozoology. It is now considered a pseudoscience.
Developed by German physician Franz Joseph Gall in ,[2] the discipline was very popular in the 19th century, especially from about until The principal British centre for phrenology was Edinburgh, where the Edinburgh Phrenological Society was established in Phrenological thinking was, however, influential in An phrenology chart.
List of cryptids
Gall's assumption that character, thoughts, and emotions are located in the brain is considered an important historical advance toward neuropsychology see also localization of brain function, Brodmann's areas, neuro-imaging, modularity of mind or faculty psychology. These areas were said to be proportional to a person's propensities, and the importance of the given mental faculty. It was believed that the cranial bone conformed in order to accommodate the different sizes of these particular areas of the brain in different individuals, so that a person's capacity for a given personality trait could be determined simply by measuring the area of the skull that overlies the corresponding area of the brain.
As a type of theory of personality, phrenology can be considered to be an advance over the old medical theory of the four humors. Phrenology, which focuses on personality and character, should be distinguished from craniometry, which is the study of skull size, weight and shape, and physiognomy, the study of facial features.
Phrenology History The first philosopher to locate the mental abilities of the brain was Aristoteles. Gall was one of the first researchers to consider the brain to be the source of all mental activity. In Gall began writing his greatest[7] work "The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular, with Observations upon the possibility of ascertaining the several Intellectual and Moral Dispositions of Man and Animal, by the configuration of their Heads. It was not published until In the introduction to this main work, Gall makes the following statement in regard to his doctrinal principles, which comprise the intellectual basis of phrenology:.
Through careful observation and extensive experimentation, Gall believed he had established a relationship between aspects of character, called faculties, to precise organs in the brain. Gall's most important collaborator was Johann Spurzheim , who disseminated phrenology successfully in the United Kingdom and the United States. He popularized the term phrenology from the Greek word "phrenos" meaning "brain": compare with the word "schizophrenia". This Edinburgh group included a number of extremely influential social reformers and intellectuals, including the publisher Robert Chambers, the astronomer John Pringle Nichol, the evolutionary environmentalist Hewett Cottrell Watson and asylum reformer William A.
George Combe was the author of some of the most popular works on phrenology and mental hygiene, e. Meanwhile, Lorenzo spent much of his life in England where he initiated the famous phrenological publishing house, L. In the Victorian age, phrenology as a psychology was taken seriously and permeated the literature and novels of the day. Many prominent public figures such as the Reverend Henry Ward Beecher a college classmate and initial partner of Orson Fowler promoted phrenology actively as a source of psychological insight and self-knowledge.
Thousands of people consulted phrenologists for advice in various matters, such as hiring personnel or finding suitable marriage partners. As such, phrenology as a brain science waned but developed into the popular psychology of the 19th century and functioned in approximately the same way as psychoanalysis permeated social thought and relationships a century later.
Beginning during the s, phrenology in North America became part of a counter-culture movement evident in the appearance of new dress styles, communes, mesmerism, and a revival of herbal remedies. Orson Fowler himself was known for his octogonal house. Throughout, however, phrenology was rejected by mainstream academia, and was for instance excluded from the British Association for the Advancement of Science. The popularity of phrenology fluctuated during the 19th century, with some researchers comparing the field to astrology, chiromancy, or merely a fairground attraction, while others wrote serious scientific articles on the subject.
The last phrenology book in English to receive serious consideration by mainstream science was The Brain and Its Physiology by Daniel Noble, but his friend, William Carpenter, wrote a lengthy review article that initiated his realization that phrenology could not be considered a serious science, and his later books reflect his acceptance of British psycho-physiology. Phrenology was also very popular in the United States, where automatic devices for phrenological analysis were devised. During the early 20th century, a revival of interest in phrenology occurred on the fringe, partly because of studies of evolution, criminology and anthropology as pursued by Cesare Lombroso.
The most famous British phrenologist of the 20th century was the London psychiatrist Bernard Hollander — Hollander introduced a quantitative approach to the phrenological diagnosis, defining a method for measuring the skull, and comparing the measurements with statistical averages. In Belgium, Paul Bouts — began studying phrenology from a pedagogical background, using the phrenological analysis to define an individual pedagogy. Combining phrenology with typology and graphology, he coined a global approach known as psychognomy.
Bouts, a Roman Catholic priest, became the main promoter of renewed 20th-century interest in phrenology and psychognomy in Belgium.
He was also active in Brazil and Canada, where he founded institutes for characterology. In the latter work, which examines the subject of paleoanthropology, Bouts developed a teleological and orthogenetical view on a perfecting evolution, from the paleo-encephalical skull shapes of prehistoric man, which he considered still prevalent in criminals and savages, towards a higher form of mankind, thus perpetuating phrenology's problematic racializing of the human frame. During the s, Belgian colonial authorities in Rwanda used phrenology to explain the so-called superiority of Tutsis over Hutus.
Empirical refutation induced most scientists to abandon phrenology as a science by the early 20th century. For example, various cases were observed of clearly aggressive people displaying a well-developed "benevolent organ", findings that contradicted the logic of the discipline.
With advances in the studies of psychology and psychiatry, many scientists became skeptical of the claim that human character can be determined by simple, external measures. On Monday, October 1, the State of Michigan included phrenology in a list of personal services subject to sales tax. Method Phrenology was a complex process that involved feeling the bumps in the skull to determine an individual's psychological attributes. Franz Joseph Gall first believed that the brain was made up of 27 individual 'organs' that created one's personality, with the first 19 of these 'organs' believed to exist in other animal species.
Phrenologists would run their fingertips and palms over the skulls of their patients to feel for enlargements or indentations. The phrenologist would usually take measurements of the overall head size using a caliper. With this information, the phrenologist would assess the character and temperament of the patient and address each of the 27 "brain organs".
This type of analysis was used to predict the kinds of relationships and behaviors to which the patient was prone.